---
title: "China: actuator supply chain"
description: "China mines most of the world's rare earths, refines and magnetises nearly all of them, and is building its own reducers, roller screws and humanoids. A map of 90 companies' headquarters and plants across rare earths, magnets and motors, gears and bearings, and robot makers, with supply links and sources."
canonical: https://actuatorlist.com/china
last-updated: 2026-11-11T13:40:47.000Z
---
# China: actuator supply chain

China mines most of the world's rare earths, refines and magnetises nearly all of them, and is building its own reducers, roller screws and humanoids. 90 companies, 156 sites and 63 current links (38 supply, the rest investment or partnership), as of November 2026. Interactive map: https://actuatorlist.com/china. JSON: https://actuatorlist.com/api/v1/countries/CN. MCP: get_country("CN").

Companies are those headquartered in China or with a site there; a foreign owner keeps its own country in the HQ column. Revenue is the latest fiscal year converted from local currency (estimate, "~"); gross margin is gross profit over net sales.

## Share of each stage

| Stage | China's share | Share of | World leader |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Mining | ~69%[^1] (estimate, 2025) | world rare earth mine output | 🇨🇳 CN 69%[^1] |
| Separation | ~91%[^2] (estimate, 2024) | world refined rare earth output | 🇨🇳 CN 91%[^2] |
| Metal & alloy | ~90%[^3] (estimate, 2023) | world rare earth metal and alloy output | 🇨🇳 CN 90%[^3] |
| Magnets | ~94%[^2] (estimate, 2024) | world sintered permanent magnet output | 🇨🇳 CN 94%[^2] |
| Gearing | no public split[^4] | world robot reducer market | - |

- Gearing: Leaderdrive and Laifual held about 27.5% and 21.4% of China's robot harmonic reducer shipments in 2025; those are shares of the Chinese market, and no source gives China's share of world reducer output.

## Policies

- [Shenzhen embodied robot action plan 2025 to 2027](https://actuatorlist.com/policy#measure=cn-shenzhen-embodied-2025): subsidy and programme, in force
- [Controls on rare earth equipment and raw materials](https://actuatorlist.com/policy#measure=cn-mofcom-2025-56): export control, suspended
- [Licences for Ho, Er, Tm, Eu and Yb items](https://actuatorlist.com/policy#measure=cn-mofcom-2025-57): export control, suspended
- [Licences for foreign goods with Chinese rare earths](https://actuatorlist.com/policy#measure=cn-mofcom-2025-61): export control, suspended
- [Controls on rare earth technologies](https://actuatorlist.com/policy#measure=cn-mofcom-2025-62): export control, suspended
- [14th Five-Year Plan for the robot industry](https://actuatorlist.com/policy#measure=cn-robot-fyp-2021): subsidy and programme, expired
- [Beijing robot industry action plan 2023 to 2025](https://actuatorlist.com/policy#measure=cn-beijing-robot-2023): subsidy and programme, expired
- [Shanghai intelligent robot action plan 2023 to 2025](https://actuatorlist.com/policy#measure=cn-shanghai-robot-2023): subsidy and programme, expired
- [MIIT humanoid and embodied AI standards committee](https://actuatorlist.com/policy#measure=cn-humanoid-standards-tc): standard and safety, in force
- [Retaliatory tariffs on all US goods](https://actuatorlist.com/policy#measure=cn-tariff-us-2025): tariff and trade, in force
- [Interim measures on rare earth output quotas](https://actuatorlist.com/policy#measure=cn-ree-total-control-2025): export control, in force
- [Licences for Sm, Gd, Tb, Dy, Lu, Sc and Y items](https://actuatorlist.com/policy#measure=cn-mofcom-2025-18): export control, in force
- [Dual-use items export control regulations](https://actuatorlist.com/policy#measure=cn-dual-use-regs-2024): export control, in force
- [Rare Earth Management Regulations](https://actuatorlist.com/policy#measure=cn-ree-management-regs-2024): export control, in force
- [Rare earth processing and magnet technology on the export ban list](https://actuatorlist.com/policy#measure=cn-tech-catalogue-2023): export control, in force
- [Guiding opinions on humanoid robots](https://actuatorlist.com/policy#measure=cn-humanoid-opinions-2023): subsidy and programme, in force
- [Robot+ application action plan](https://actuatorlist.com/policy#measure=cn-robot-plus-2023): subsidy and programme, in force
- [Made in China 2025](https://actuatorlist.com/policy#measure=cn-made-in-china-2025): subsidy and programme, in force
- [Export duties on rare earths removed](https://actuatorlist.com/policy#measure=cn-ree-export-duty-end-2015): tariff and trade, in force
- [Rare earth export quotas replaced by licences](https://actuatorlist.com/policy#measure=cn-ree-quota-end-2015): export control, in force

All measures with their status history: https://actuatorlist.com/policy.

## Clusters

- **Baotou rare earth hub** (13 sites): The Bayan Obo mine, Northern Rare Earth's separation plants and a ring of new magnet plants around Baotou. China Northern Rare Earth, JL MAG Rare-Earth, Baotou Steel, Tianhe Magnetics, Xiamen Tungsten, Ningbo Yunsheng, Earth-Panda Advance Magnetic Material.
- **Ganzhou heavy rare earth base** (3 sites): Home of China Rare Earth Group and JL MAG: ionic-clay heavy rare earths and magnet plants in southern Jiangxi. China Rare Earth Group, JL MAG Rare-Earth, Zhong Ke San Huan.
- **Ningbo magnet and parts cluster** (7 sites): Magnet plants (Yunsheng, JL MAG, San Huan), reducers in Cixi and Tesla's actuator suppliers Tuopu and Joyson. JL MAG Rare-Earth, Ningbo Tuopu Group, Ningbo Yunsheng, ZD Leader, Ningbo Joyson Electronic, Zhong Ke San Huan.
- **Yangtze River Delta robotics belt** (45 sites): Reducers, roller screws, motors and humanoid makers from Suzhou and Wuxi through Shanghai to Hangzhou. Nabtesco, Leaderdrive, Unitree Robotics, AgiBot, Yaskawa Electric, Wolong Electric Drive, MOONS' Electric, Shuanghuan Driveline, ZD Leader, Beite Technology, Best Precision Machinery, Zhenhua Bearing, Juxie, Quanzhibo, MyActuator, Fourier, Shanghai Electric, Kepler, Deep Robotics, JAKA Robotics, Geely Holding, Proterial, Inovance, Nousbot, Siasun, FANUC, CubeMars, ABB Robotics, Schaeffler, Shenghe Resources, Minth Group, Sanhua Intelligent Controls, Ningbo Tuopu Group, Timken, THK, KUKA.
- **Shenzhen and Pearl River Delta robotics** (24 sites): Servo and micro-drive makers, joint-module start-ups and humanoid makers in Shenzhen, Guangzhou and Foshan. UBTech Robotics, Cmsemicon, China Rare Earth Nonferrous Metals (ex-Guangsheng), Inovance, Leadshine, Zhaowei Machinery & Electronics, Nousbot, ZeroErr, XPeng, Midea, Dobot, Leju Robotics, DAMIAO, EngineAI, AgileX Robotics, LY iTech, KUKA, Yaskawa Electric, JAKA Robotics.

## Companies

| Company | Segment | HQ | Sites in China | Revenue (USD) | Gross margin | Listing |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **China Northern Rare Earth** (`china-northern-rare-earth`) 北方稀土 | Rare earth mining & refining | 🇨🇳 CN | 4 | ~$5.8-6B[^5] (estimate, 2025) | ~12%[^6] (estimate, 2025) | SHA: 600111 |
| **China Rare Earth Group** (`china-rare-earth-group`) 中国稀土集团 | Rare earth mining & refining | 🇨🇳 CN | 1 | - | - | state |
| **Shenghe Resources** (`shenghe-resources`) 盛和资源 | Rare earth mining & refining | 🇨🇳 CN | 2 | - | - | SHA: 600392 |
| **JL MAG Rare-Earth** (`jl-mag`) 金力永磁 | Magnets & motors | 🇨🇳 CN | 4 | - | ~20%[^7] (estimate, 2025) | SZSE: 300748; HKEX: 6680 |
| **Nabtesco** (`nabtesco`) ナブテスコ | Gears, screws & bearings | 🇯🇵 JP | 1 | ~$1.99-2.12B[^8] (estimate, 2025-12) | 31%[^8] (model, 2025-12) | TYO: 6268 |
| **Leaderdrive** (`leaderdrive`) 绿的谐波 | Gears, screws & bearings | 🇨🇳 CN | 1 | - | ~26%[^9] (estimate, 2025) | SHA: 688017 |
| **Timken** (`timken`) | Gears, screws & bearings | 🇺🇸 US | 2 | $4.58B[^10] | - | NYSE: TKR |
| **FANUC** (`fanuc`) ファナック | Robot & actuator makers | 🇯🇵 JP | 1 | ~$5.53-5.92B[^11] (estimate, 2026-03) | 38%[^12] (model, 2026-03) | TYO: 6954 |
| **Yaskawa Electric** (`yaskawa`) 安川電機 | Robot & actuator makers | 🇯🇵 JP | 3 | ~$3.5-3.74B[^13] (estimate, 2026-02) | 35%[^14] (model, 2026-02) | TYO: 6506 |
| **Unitree Robotics** (`unitree`) 宇树科技 | Robot & actuator makers | 🇨🇳 CN | 2 | ~$232.9-239.4M[^15][^16] (estimate, 2025) | 60%[^17] | - |
| **UBTech Robotics** (`ubtech`) 优必选 | Robot & actuator makers | 🇨🇳 CN | 2 | - | - | HKEX: 9880 |
| **AgiBot** (`agibot`) 智元机器人 | Robot & actuator makers | 🇨🇳 CN | 3 | - | - | - |
| **Ningbo Tuopu Group** (`tuopu-group`) 拓普集团 | Robot & actuator makers | 🇨🇳 CN | 2 | - | 19%[^18] | SHA: 601689 |
| **Proterial** (`proterial`) プロテリアル | Magnets & motors | 🇯🇵 JP | 1 | - | - | private |
| **Neo Performance Materials** (`neo-performance`) | Magnets & motors | 🇨🇦 CA | 1 | - | - | TSX: NEO |
| **Sumitomo Heavy Industries** (`sumitomo-heavy`) 住友重機械工業 | Gears, screws & bearings | 🇯🇵 JP | 2 | - | - | TYO: 6302 |
| **THK** (`thk`) | Gears, screws & bearings | 🇯🇵 JP | 4 | ~$1.55-1.66B[^19] (estimate, 2025-12) | 29%[^20] (model, 2025-12) | TYO: 6481 |
| **KUKA** (`kuka`) | Robot & actuator makers | 🇩🇪 DE | 2 | - | - | subsidiary |
| **ABB Robotics** (`abb`) | Robot & actuator makers | 🇨🇭 CH | 1 | - | - | subsidiary |
| **Schaeffler** (`schaeffler`) | Gears, screws & bearings | 🇩🇪 DE | 1 | - | - | ETR: SHA0 |
| **Festo** (`festo`) | Robot & actuator makers | 🇩🇪 DE | 1 | - | - | private |
| **Baotou Steel** (`baotou-steel`) 包钢股份 | Rare earth mining & refining | 🇨🇳 CN | 2 | - | - | SHA: 600010 |
| **Xiamen Tungsten** (`xiamen-tungsten`) 厦门钨业 | Rare earth mining & refining | 🇨🇳 CN | 4 | - | - | SHA: 600549 |
| **China Rare Earth Nonferrous Metals (ex-Guangsheng)** (`china-rare-earth-nonferrous`) 中稀有色 | Rare earth mining & refining | 🇨🇳 CN | 1 | - | - | SHA: 600259 |
| **Jiangxi Copper** (`jiangxi-copper`) 江西铜业 | Rare earth mining & refining | 🇨🇳 CN | 1 | - | - | SHA: 600362; HKEX: 0358 |
| **Grirem Advanced Materials** (`grirem`) 有研稀土 | Rare earth mining & refining | 🇨🇳 CN | 2 | - | - | subsidiary |
| **Ningbo Yunsheng** (`ningbo-yunsheng`) 宁波韵升 | Magnets & motors | 🇨🇳 CN | 2 | - | - | SHA: 600366 |
| **Zhong Ke San Huan** (`zhong-ke-san-huan`) 中科三环 | Magnets & motors | 🇨🇳 CN | 5 | - | - | SZSE: 000970 |
| **Zhenghai Magnetic Material** (`zhenghai-magnetic`) 正海磁材 | Magnets & motors | 🇨🇳 CN | 1 | - | - | SZSE: 300224 |
| **Earth-Panda Advance Magnetic Material** (`earth-panda`) 大地熊 | Magnets & motors | 🇨🇳 CN | 2 | - | - | SHA: 688077 |
| **Yantai Dongxing Magnetic Materials (YSM)** (`yantai-dongxing`) 东星磁材 | Magnets & motors | 🇨🇳 CN | 2 | - | - | - |
| **Tianhe Magnetics** (`tianhe-magnetics`) 天和磁材 | Magnets & motors | 🇨🇳 CN | 2 | - | - | SHA: 603072 |
| **Galaxy Magnets** (`galaxy-magnets`) 银河磁体 | Magnets & motors | 🇨🇳 CN | 1 | - | - | SZSE: 300127 |
| **Inovance** (`inovance`) 汇川技术 | Magnets & motors | 🇨🇳 CN | 4 | - | - | SZSE: 300124 |
| **Wolong Electric Drive** (`wolong-electric`) 卧龙电驱 | Magnets & motors | 🇨🇳 CN | 1 | - | - | SHA: 600580 |
| **Hechuan Technology (HCFA)** (`hechuan`) 禾川科技 | Magnets & motors | 🇨🇳 CN | 1 | - | - | SHA: 688320 |
| **MOONS' Electric** (`moons`) 鸣志电器 | Magnets & motors | 🇨🇳 CN | 1 | - | - | SHA: 603728 |
| **Leadshine** (`leadshine`) 雷赛智能 | Magnets & motors | 🇨🇳 CN | 1 | - | 39%[^21] | SZSE: 002979 |
| **Zhaowei Machinery & Electronics** (`zhaowei`) 兆威机电 | Magnets & motors | 🇨🇳 CN | 1 | - | - | SZSE: 003021; HKEX: 2692 |
| **Shuanghuan Driveline** (`shuanghuan-driveline`) 双环传动 | Gears, screws & bearings | 🇨🇳 CN | 1 | - | - | SZSE: 002472 |
| **ZD Leader** (`zd-leader`) 中大力德 | Gears, screws & bearings | 🇨🇳 CN | 1 | - | - | SZSE: 002896 |
| **Laifual Drive** (`laifual`) 来福谐波 | Gears, screws & bearings | 🇨🇳 CN | 1 | ~$35.8-36.8M[^4] (estimate, 2025) | - | HKEX: 3952 |
| **Beite Technology** (`beite`) 北特科技 | Gears, screws & bearings | 🇨🇳 CN | 2 | - | ~19%[^22] (estimate, 2025) | SHA: 603009 |
| **Best Precision Machinery** (`best-precision`) 贝斯特 | Gears, screws & bearings | 🇨🇳 CN | 1 | - | - | SZSE: 300580 |
| **ZWZ Bearing** (`zwz-bearing`) 瓦轴 | Gears, screws & bearings | 🇨🇳 CN | 1 | - | - | state |
| **LYC Bearing** (`lyc-bearing`) 洛轴 | Gears, screws & bearings | 🇨🇳 CN | 1 | - | - | - |
| **Harbin Bearing (HRB)** (`harbin-bearing`) 哈轴 | Gears, screws & bearings | 🇨🇳 CN | 1 | - | - | - |
| **Zhenhua Bearing** (`zhenhua-bearing`) | Gears, screws & bearings | 🇨🇳 CN | 1 | - | - | - |
| **Nousbot** (`nousbot`) | Gears, screws & bearings | 🇨🇳 CN | 3 | - | - | private |
| **Juxie** (`juxie`) 巨蟹智能驱动 | Gears, screws & bearings | 🇨🇳 CN | 1 | - | - | private |
| **Encos** (`encos`) 因克斯 | Robot & actuator makers | 🇨🇳 CN | 1 | - | - | private |
| **Quanzhibo** (`quanzhibo`) 泉智博 | Robot & actuator makers | 🇨🇳 CN | 1 | - | - | private |
| **ZeroErr** (`zeroerr`) 零差云控 | Robot & actuator makers | 🇨🇳 CN | 1 | - | - | private |
| **Inspire Robots** (`inspire-robots`) 因时机器人 | Robot & actuator makers | 🇨🇳 CN | 1 | - | - | private |
| **RobStride** (`robstride`) 灵足时代 | Robot & actuator makers | 🇨🇳 CN | 1 | - | - | private |
| **MyActuator** (`myactuator`) 脉塔智能 | Robot & actuator makers | 🇨🇳 CN | 1 | - | - | private |
| **Fourier** (`fourier`) 傅利叶 | Robot & actuator makers | 🇨🇳 CN | 1 | - | - | private |
| **Galbot** (`galbot`) 银河通用 | Robot & actuator makers | 🇨🇳 CN | 1 | - | - | private |
| **Xiaomi** (`xiaomi`) 小米 | Robot & actuator makers | 🇨🇳 CN | 3 | - | - | HKEX: 1810 |
| **XPeng** (`xpeng`) 小鹏 | Robot & actuator makers | 🇨🇳 CN | 2 | - | - | NYSE: XPEV; HKEX: 9868 |
| **Estun** (`estun`) 埃斯顿 | Robot & actuator makers | 🇨🇳 CN | 2 | - | - | SZSE: 002747 |
| **Efort** (`efort`) 埃夫特 | Robot & actuator makers | 🇨🇳 CN | 2 | - | - | SHA: 688165 |
| **Siasun** (`siasun`) 新松 | Robot & actuator makers | 🇨🇳 CN | 6 | - | - | SZSE: 300024 |
| **Sanhua Intelligent Controls** (`sanhua`) 三花智控 | Robot & actuator makers | 🇨🇳 CN | 2 | - | 28%[^23] (model, 2025) | SZSE: 002050; HKEX: 2050 |
| **Midea** (`midea`) 美的集团 | Robot & actuator makers | 🇨🇳 CN | 2 | - | - | SZSE: 000333; HKEX: 0300 |
| **Shanghai Electric** (`shanghai-electric`) 上海电气 | Robot & actuator makers | 🇨🇳 CN | 1 | - | - | SHA: 601727; HKEX: 2727 |
| **Dobot** (`dobot`) 越疆 | Robot & actuator makers | 🇨🇳 CN | 1 | - | - | HKEX: 2432 |
| **Leju Robotics** (`leju`) 乐聚机器人 | Robot & actuator makers | 🇨🇳 CN | 2 | - | - | private |
| **Ningbo Joyson Electronic** (`joyson`) 均胜电子 | Robot & actuator makers | 🇨🇳 CN | 1 | - | - | SHA: 600699 |
| **Guohua Intelligent** (`guohua`) | Gears, screws & bearings | 🇨🇳 CN | 1 | - | - | private |
| **Wuzhou Xinchun** (`wuzhou-xinchun`) | Gears, screws & bearings | 🇨🇳 CN | 1 | - | - | SHA: 603667 |
| **CubeMars** (`cubemars`) | Robot & actuator makers | 🇨🇳 CN | 2 | - | - | - |
| **DAMIAO** (`damiao`) | Robot & actuator makers | 🇨🇳 CN | 1 | - | - | - |
| **Kepler** (`kepler`) | Robot & actuator makers | 🇨🇳 CN | 2 | - | - | - |
| **Booster Robotics** (`booster`) | Robot & actuator makers | 🇨🇳 CN | 1 | - | - | private |
| **EngineAI** (`engineai`) | Robot & actuator makers | 🇨🇳 CN | 3 | - | - | private |
| **Deep Robotics** (`deep-robotics`) | Robot & actuator makers | 🇨🇳 CN | 1 | - | - | private |
| **AgileX Robotics** (`agilex`) | Robot & actuator makers | 🇨🇳 CN | 1 | - | - | private |
| **JAKA Robotics** (`jaka`) | Robot & actuator makers | 🇨🇳 CN | 3 | - | - | private |
| **AUBO Robotics** (`aubo`) | Robot & actuator makers | 🇨🇳 CN | 2 | - | - | - |
| **ROKAE** (`rokae`) | Robot & actuator makers | 🇨🇳 CN | 2 | - | - | private |
| **BYD** (`byd`) | Robot & actuator makers | 🇨🇳 CN | 1 | - | - | - |
| **Geely Holding** (`geely`) | Robot & actuator makers | 🇨🇳 CN | 1 | - | - | - |
| **Dongfeng Liuzhou Motor** (`dongfeng-liuzhou`) | Robot & actuator makers | 🇨🇳 CN | 1 | - | - | - |
| **LY iTech** (`ly-itech`) | Robot & actuator makers | 🇨🇳 CN | 5 | - | - | - |
| **Minth Group** (`minth`) | Robot & actuator makers | 🇹🇼 TW | 1 | - | - | HKEX: 0425 |
| **CATL** (`catl`) | Robot & actuator makers | 🇨🇳 CN | 2 | - | - | HKEX: 3750 |
| **FAW-Volkswagen** (`faw-volkswagen`) | Robot & actuator makers | 🇨🇳 CN | 2 | - | - | - |
| **Cmsemicon** (`cmsemicon`) 中微半导 | Magnets & motors | 🇨🇳 CN | 1 | - | - | SHA: 688380 |
| **SKF** (`skf`) | Gears, screws & bearings | 🇸🇪 SE | 1 | - | - | Nasdaq Stockholm: SKF B |

## Sites

Pins marked "city" are the city centre, "region" the province; "site" is the plant itself.

| Site | Company | Province | Kind | Makes | Status | Lat, lon (pin) | Source |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| China Northern Rare Earth headquarters | China Northern Rare Earth | Inner Mongolia | hq | - | operating | 40.660, 109.840 (city) | [^24] |
| China Rare Earth Group headquarters | China Rare Earth Group | Jiangxi | hq | - | operating | 25.830, 114.930 (city) | [^25] |
| Shenghe Resources headquarters | Shenghe Resources | Sichuan | hq | - | operating | 30.660, 104.070 (city) | [^26] |
| Ganzhou headquarters and magnet plant | JL MAG Rare-Earth | Jiangxi | plant | NdFeB magnets | operating | 25.830, 114.930 (city) | [^27][^28] |
| Baotou magnet plant | JL MAG Rare-Earth | Inner Mongolia | plant | NdFeB magnets | operating | 40.650, 109.840 (city) | [^27][^28] |
| Baotou 20,000 t magnet project | JL MAG Rare-Earth | Inner Mongolia | plant | NdFeB magnets | construction | 40.650, 109.840 (city) | [^29] |
| Ningbo magnet plant | JL MAG Rare-Earth | Zhejiang | plant | NdFeB magnets | operating | 29.870, 121.540 (city) | [^27][^28] |
| Changzhou precision reduction gear plant | Nabtesco | Jiangsu | plant | RV reducers | operating | 31.810, 119.970 (city) | [^30] |
| Suzhou headquarters and plant | Leaderdrive | Jiangsu | plant | Harmonic reducers | operating | 31.270, 120.630 (city) | [^31] |
| Unitree headquarters | Unitree Robotics | Zhejiang | hq | - | operating | 30.210, 120.210 (city) | [^32] |
| UBTech headquarters | UBTech Robotics | Guangdong | hq | - | operating | 22.540, 114.060 (city) | [^33] |
| AgiBot headquarters | AgiBot | Shanghai | hq | - | operating | 31.230, 121.470 (city) | [^34] |
| Tuopu Group headquarters | Ningbo Tuopu Group | Zhejiang | hq | - | operating | 29.900, 121.840 (city) | [^35] |
| Changzhou robot plant | Yaskawa Electric | Jiangsu | plant | Industrial robots | operating | 31.810, 119.970 (city) | [^36] |
| Cmsemicon headquarters, Shenzhen | Cmsemicon | Guangdong | hq | - | operating | 22.540, 114.060 (city) | [^37] |
| Baotou Steel headquarters | Baotou Steel | Inner Mongolia | hq | - | operating | 40.650, 109.840 (city) | [^38] |
| Xiamen Tungsten headquarters | Xiamen Tungsten | Fujian | hq | - | operating | 24.480, 118.090 (city) | [^39] |
| China Rare Earth Nonferrous Metals headquarters | China Rare Earth Nonferrous Metals (ex-Guangsheng) | Guangdong | hq | - | operating | 23.130, 113.260 (region) | [^40] |
| Grirem headquarters and works | Grirem Advanced Materials | Beijing | hq | High-purity rare earth metals, Rare earth alloys | operating | 39.900, 116.410 (city) | [^41] |
| Ningbo headquarters and magnet plant | Ningbo Yunsheng | Zhejiang | hq | Sintered NdFeB magnets | operating | 29.870, 121.540 (city) | [^42] |
| Zhong Ke San Huan headquarters | Zhong Ke San Huan | Beijing | hq | - | operating | 39.980, 116.310 (city) | [^43] |
| Yantai headquarters and magnet plant | Zhenghai Magnetic Material | Shandong | hq | Sintered NdFeB magnets | operating | 37.460, 121.450 (city) | [^44] |
| Earth-Panda headquarters | Earth-Panda Advance Magnetic Material | Anhui | hq | - | operating | 31.260, 117.290 (city) | [^45] |
| YSM headquarters | Yantai Dongxing Magnetic Materials (YSM) | Shandong | hq | - | operating | 37.460, 121.450 (city) | [^46] |
| Baotou headquarters and magnet plant | Tianhe Magnetics | Inner Mongolia | hq | Sintered NdFeB magnet blanks | operating | 40.620, 109.950 (city) | [^47] |
| Chengdu headquarters and magnet plant | Galaxy Magnets | Sichuan | hq | Bonded NdFeB magnets, SmCo magnets | operating | 30.730, 103.970 (city) | [^48][^49] |
| Inovance headquarters | Inovance | Guangdong | hq | - | operating | 22.540, 114.060 (city) | [^50] |
| Wolong Electric Drive headquarters | Wolong Electric Drive | Zhejiang | hq | - | operating | 30.030, 120.870 (city) | [^51] |
| Longyou headquarters and factory | Hechuan Technology (HCFA) | Zhejiang | hq | Servo systems | operating | 29.030, 119.170 (city) | [^52] |
| MOONS' headquarters | MOONS' Electric | Shanghai | hq | - | operating | 31.110, 121.380 (city) | [^53] |
| Leadshine headquarters | Leadshine | Guangdong | hq | - | operating | 22.530, 113.930 (city) | [^54] |
| Zhaowei headquarters | Zhaowei Machinery & Electronics | Guangdong | hq | - | operating | 22.540, 114.060 (city) | [^55] |
| Shuanghuan Driveline headquarters | Shuanghuan Driveline | Zhejiang | hq | - | operating | 30.270, 120.150 (region) | [^56] |
| ZD Leader headquarters | ZD Leader | Zhejiang | hq | - | operating | 30.170, 121.270 (city) | [^57] |
| Shengzhou headquarters and plant | Laifual Drive | Zhejiang | hq | Harmonic reducers, Joint modules | operating | 29.590, 120.820 (city) | [^58] |
| Beite Technology headquarters | Beite Technology | Shanghai | hq | - | operating | 31.230, 121.470 (city) | [^59] |
| Best Precision headquarters | Best Precision Machinery | Jiangsu | hq | - | operating | 31.490, 120.310 (city) | [^60] |
| ZWZ headquarters | ZWZ Bearing | Liaoning | hq | - | operating | 39.630, 122.010 (city) | [^61] |
| LYC headquarters | LYC Bearing | Henan | hq | - | operating | 34.620, 112.450 (city) | [^62] |
| Harbin Bearing headquarters | Harbin Bearing (HRB) | Heilongjiang | hq | - | operating | 45.800, 126.530 (city) | [^63] |
| Jiading headquarters and works | Zhenhua Bearing | Shanghai | hq | Robot reducer bearings | operating | 31.380, 121.270 (city) | [^64] |
| Nousbot headquarters | Nousbot | Guangdong | hq | - | operating | 22.540, 114.060 (city) | [^65][^66] |
| Juxie headquarters | Juxie | Jiangsu | hq | - | operating | 31.490, 120.310 (city) | [^67] |
| Encos headquarters | Encos | Jiangsu | hq | - | operating | 32.060, 118.800 (city) | [^68] |
| Quanzhibo headquarters | Quanzhibo | Jiangsu | hq | - | operating | 31.490, 120.310 (city) | [^69] |
| ZeroErr headquarters | ZeroErr | Guangdong | hq | - | operating | 22.540, 114.060 (city) | [^70] |
| Inspire Robots headquarters | Inspire Robots | Beijing | hq | - | operating | 39.900, 116.410 (city) | [^71] |
| RobStride headquarters | RobStride | Beijing | hq | - | operating | 39.900, 116.410 (city) | [^72] |
| MyActuator headquarters | MyActuator | Jiangsu | hq | - | operating | 31.380, 120.980 (city) | [^73] |
| Fourier headquarters | Fourier | Shanghai | hq | - | operating | 31.200, 121.590 (city) | [^74][^75] |
| Galbot headquarters | Galbot | Beijing | hq | - | operating | 39.960, 116.300 (city) | [^76] |
| Xiaomi headquarters | Xiaomi | Beijing | hq | - | operating | 39.900, 116.410 (city) | [^77] |
| XPeng headquarters | XPeng | Guangdong | hq | - | operating | 23.130, 113.260 (city) | [^78] |
| Estun headquarters | Estun | Jiangsu | hq | - | operating | 32.060, 118.800 (city) | [^79][^80] |
| Efort headquarters | Efort | Anhui | hq | - | operating | 31.350, 118.430 (city) | [^81] |
| Shenyang headquarters and industrial park | Siasun | Liaoning | hq | Industrial and mobile robots | operating | 41.710, 123.450 (city) | [^82] |
| Sanhua headquarters | Sanhua Intelligent Controls | Zhejiang | hq | - | operating | 29.500, 120.900 (city) | [^83] |
| Midea headquarters | Midea | Guangdong | hq | - | operating | 22.840, 113.250 (city) | [^84] |
| Shanghai Electric headquarters | Shanghai Electric | Shanghai | hq | - | operating | 31.230, 121.470 (city) | [^85] |
| Dobot headquarters | Dobot | Guangdong | hq | - | operating | 22.540, 114.060 (city) | [^86] |
| Leju Robotics headquarters | Leju Robotics | Guangdong | hq | - | operating | 22.540, 114.060 (city) | [^87] |
| Joyson Electronic headquarters | Ningbo Joyson Electronic | Zhejiang | hq | - | operating | 29.870, 121.540 (city) | [^88] |
| Qingdao headquarters and joint module line | Guohua Intelligent | Shandong | hq | Harmonic reducers, Planetary roller screws, Joint modules | operating | 36.070, 120.380 (city) | [^89] |
| CubeMars headquarters | CubeMars | Jiangxi | hq | - | operating | 28.680, 115.860 (city) | [^90] |
| DAMIAO headquarters | DAMIAO | Guangdong | hq | - | operating | 22.540, 114.060 (city) | [^91] |
| Kepler headquarters | Kepler | Shanghai | hq | - | operating | 31.210, 121.600 (city) | [^92] |
| Booster Robotics headquarters | Booster Robotics | Beijing | hq | - | operating | 39.900, 116.410 (city) | [^93] |
| EngineAI headquarters | EngineAI | Guangdong | hq | - | operating | 22.540, 114.060 (city) | [^94] |
| Deep Robotics headquarters | Deep Robotics | Zhejiang | hq | - | operating | 30.270, 120.150 (city) | [^95] |
| AgileX Robotics headquarters | AgileX Robotics | Guangdong | hq | - | operating | 22.530, 113.930 (city) | [^96] |
| JAKA Robotics headquarters | JAKA Robotics | Shanghai | hq | - | operating | 31.110, 121.380 (city) | [^97][^98] |
| AUBO Robotics headquarters | AUBO Robotics | Beijing | hq | - | operating | 39.900, 116.410 (city) | [^99] |
| ROKAE headquarters | ROKAE | Beijing | hq | - | operating | 39.980, 116.310 (city) | [^100] |
| BYD headquarters | BYD | Guangdong | hq | - | operating | 22.690, 114.350 (city) | [^101] |
| Geely Holding headquarters | Geely Holding | Zhejiang | hq | - | operating | 30.210, 120.210 (city) | [^102] |
| Dongfeng Liuzhou Motor headquarters | Dongfeng Liuzhou Motor | Guangxi | hq | - | operating | 24.330, 109.430 (city) | [^103] |
| LY iTech headquarters | LY iTech | Guangdong | hq | - | operating | 22.580, 113.080 (city) | [^104] |
| FAW-Volkswagen headquarters | FAW-Volkswagen | Jilin | hq | - | operating | 43.880, 125.260 (city) | [^105] |
| Bayan Obo mine | Baotou Steel | Inner Mongolia | mine | Rare earth concentrate, Iron ore |  | 41.780, 109.970 (city) | [^38][^106] |
| Fujian Golden Dragon Rare Earth | Xiamen Tungsten | Fujian | refinery | Rare earth oxides and metals, NdFeB magnets |  | 25.840, 116.360 (region) | [^39] |
| Golden Dragon Baotou magnet plant, phase I | Xiamen Tungsten | Inner Mongolia | plant | Sintered NdFeB magnets | opened 2025[^39] | 40.630, 109.950 (city) | [^39] |
| Golden Dragon Baotou magnet plant, phase II | Xiamen Tungsten | Inner Mongolia | plant | Sintered NdFeB magnets | construction | 40.630, 109.960 (city) | [^107] |
| Maoniuping mine (Sichuan Jiangxi Copper Rare Earth) | Jiangxi Copper | Sichuan | mine | Rare earth concentrate |  | 28.550, 102.170 (city) | [^108][^109] |
| Leshan Grirem Advanced Materials | Grirem Advanced Materials | Sichuan | plant | Rare earth materials |  | 29.550, 103.770 (city) | [^41] |
| Baotou Yunsheng magnet project | Ningbo Yunsheng | Inner Mongolia | plant | High-performance NdFeB magnets | construction | 40.660, 109.860 (city) | [^42] |
| Ningbo magnet plant | Zhong Ke San Huan | Zhejiang | plant | Sintered NdFeB magnets |  | 29.880, 121.550 (city) | [^110] |
| Tianjin magnet plant | Zhong Ke San Huan | Tianjin | plant | Sintered NdFeB magnets |  | 39.130, 117.200 (city) | [^110] |
| Zhaoqing magnet plant | Zhong Ke San Huan | Guangdong | plant | Sintered NdFeB magnets |  | 23.050, 112.470 (city) | [^110] |
| Ganzhou magnet joint venture with Southern Rare Earth | Zhong Ke San Huan | Jiangxi | plant | High-performance NdFeB magnets |  | 25.840, 114.940 (city) | [^111] |
| Hitachi Metals San Huan Magnetic Materials (Nantong) | Proterial | Jiangsu | plant | Sintered NdFeB magnets |  | 31.980, 120.890 (city) | [^43] |
| Earth-Panda Baotou magnet plant | Earth-Panda Advance Magnetic Material | Inner Mongolia | plant | Sintered NdFeB magnets |  | 40.640, 109.880 (city) | [^112] |
| Fushan magnetic materials project | Yantai Dongxing Magnetic Materials (YSM) | Shandong | plant | High-performance magnetic materials | construction | 37.500, 121.250 (city) | [^46] |
| New rare earth magnet base, Inner Mongolia | Tianhe Magnetics | Inner Mongolia | plant | High-performance NdFeB magnets | announced | 40.600, 110.050 (region) | [^113] |
| Suzhou super factory | Inovance | Jiangsu | plant | Servo drives, Hairpin motors |  | 31.300, 120.620 (city) | [^114][^50] |
| Nanjing Inovance | Inovance | Jiangsu | plant | Automation products |  | 32.040, 118.780 (city) | [^115] |
| Changzhou NEV powertrain site | Inovance | Jiangsu | plant | EV powertrains | construction | 31.810, 119.970 (city) | [^116] |
| Kunshan planetary roller screw base | Beite Technology | Jiangsu | plant | Planetary roller screws |  | 31.390, 120.960 (city) | [^59][^117] |
| Shanghai manufacturing base | Nousbot | Shanghai | plant | Micro planetary roller screws |  | 31.240, 121.480 (city) | [^65] |
| Suzhou manufacturing base | Nousbot | Jiangsu | plant | Micro planetary roller screws |  | 31.310, 120.600 (city) | [^65] |
| Humanoid robot mass production base, Tianhe | XPeng | Guangdong | plant | IRON humanoids | opened 2026[^118] | 23.170, 113.400 (city) | [^78][^118] |
| Estun Robot Intelligent Industrial Park | Estun | Jiangsu | plant | Industrial robots | opened 2018[^79] | 31.950, 118.840 (city) | [^79] |
| Wuhu robot super plant | Efort | Anhui | plant | Industrial robots | construction | 31.330, 118.400 (city) | [^81] |
| Shanghai industrial park | Siasun | Shanghai | plant | Robots and automation systems |  | 31.220, 121.460 (city) | [^119] |
| Hangzhou industrial park | Siasun | Zhejiang | plant | Robots and automation systems |  | 30.270, 120.150 (city) | [^119] |
| Qingdao industrial park | Siasun | Shandong | plant | Robots and automation systems |  | 36.070, 120.380 (city) | [^119] |
| Tianjin industrial park | Siasun | Tianjin | plant | Robots and automation systems |  | 39.120, 117.190 (city) | [^119] |
| Wuxi industrial park | Siasun | Jiangsu | plant | Robots and automation systems |  | 31.500, 120.300 (city) | [^119] |
| KUKA Shunde robot base | KUKA | Guangdong | plant | Industrial robots |  | 22.800, 113.290 (city) | [^120][^121] |
| Welling Robotics reducer plant, Beijiao | Midea | Guangdong | plant | Robot reducers | construction | 22.920, 113.210 (city) | [^122] |
| Shanghai Fanuc robot plant, Baoshan | FANUC | Shanghai | plant | Industrial robots |  | 31.350, 121.380 (city) | [^123][^124] |
| Yaskawa-Midea industrial robot joint venture | Yaskawa Electric | Guangdong | plant | Industrial robots |  | 23.020, 113.120 (region) | [^125] |
| Humanoid factory with Dongfang Precision | Leju Robotics | Guangdong | plant | Humanoid robots |  | 23.030, 113.130 (region) | [^126] |
| Xinchang High-tech Park roller screw project | Wuzhou Xinchun | Zhejiang | plant | Planetary roller screws, Micro ball screws, Robot bearings | announced | 29.490, 120.910 (city) | [^127] |
| Hangzhou CubeMars Intelligent Technology | CubeMars | Zhejiang | plant | Rotary actuators, Encoders, Motor drives |  | 30.270, 120.150 (city) | [^128] |
| Binzhou manufacturing hub and data centre | Kepler | Shandong | plant | Specialised robots |  | 37.380, 118.000 (city) | [^92] |
| Honghualing manufacturing base | EngineAI | Guangdong | plant | T800 humanoids |  | 22.590, 113.950 (city) | [^94] |
| Zhengzhou intelligent manufacturing base | EngineAI | Henan | plant | Humanoid robots | construction | 34.750, 113.620 (city) | [^94] |
| Changzhou facility | JAKA Robotics | Jiangsu | plant | - |  | 31.810, 119.970 (city) | [^97] |
| Shenzhen facility | JAKA Robotics | Guangdong | plant | - |  | 22.540, 114.060 (city) | [^97] |
| AUBO (Shandong) cobot components factory | AUBO Robotics | Shandong | plant | Collaborative robots, Cobot core components | opened 2022[^129] | 36.810, 118.050 (city) | [^129] |
| Shandong smart robot factory | ROKAE | Shandong | plant | Light industrial robots |  | 37.000, 119.000 (region) | [^100] |
| ABB Robotics mega factory, Kangqiao | ABB Robotics | Shanghai | plant | Industrial robots | opened 2022[^130] | 31.140, 121.570 (city) | [^130] |
| Taicang Humanoid Lighthouse | Schaeffler | Jiangsu | plant | Humanoid joint modules, Roller screws, Bearings | opened 2026[^131] | 31.460, 121.130 (city) | [^131][^132] |
| Neo Magnequench Tianjin plant | Neo Performance Materials | Tianjin | plant | NdFeB magnetic powders, Compression-moulded magnets | opened 1998[^133] | 39.130, 117.200 (city) | [^133] |
| Jiangyin Jiahua Advanced Material Resources (JAMR) | Shenghe Resources | Jiangsu | refinery | Heavy rare earth products |  | 31.920, 120.280 (city) | [^134] |
| Lin-gang Fengxian Industrial Park humanoid factory | AgiBot | Shanghai | plant | Humanoid robots | announced | 30.870, 121.660 (city) | [^135] |
| Southwest Embodied Intelligence Industrial Base | AgiBot | Sichuan | plant | Humanoid robots | operating, opened 2026[^104] | 30.660, 104.070 (city) | [^104] |
| Liuzhou industrial humanoid factory | UBTech Robotics | Guangxi | plant | Walker S industrial humanoids | operating, opened 2026[^136] | 24.310, 109.390 (city) | [^136][^105] |
| Hangzhou factory | Unitree Robotics | Zhejiang | plant | Humanoid and quadruped robots | opened 2025[^137] | 30.250, 120.150 (city) | [^137] |
| Chengdu Embodied Intelligent Manufacturing Base | LY iTech | Sichuan | plant | Humanoid robots built for AgiBot | operating | 30.620, 104.020 (city) | [^104] |
| Dongguan manufacturing hub | LY iTech | Guangdong | plant | Robot components and final assembly |  | 23.020, 113.750 (city) | [^104] |
| Zhengzhou manufacturing hub | LY iTech | Henan | plant | Robot components and final assembly |  | 34.780, 113.660 (city) | [^104] |
| Beijing manufacturing hub | LY iTech | Beijing | plant | Robot components and final assembly |  | 39.850, 116.450 (city) | [^104] |
| Asia-Pacific regional headquarters | Minth Group | Zhejiang | hq | - | operating | 30.750, 120.760 (city) | [^138] |
| Hangzhou robot actuator facility | Sanhua Intelligent Controls | Zhejiang | plant | Robot actuators | announced | 30.300, 120.100 (city) | [^139] |
| Qianwan New Area smart driving industrial park | Ningbo Tuopu Group | Zhejiang | plant | Chassis, interior and electronic car parts | operating | 30.280, 121.250 (city) | [^140] |
| Yizhuang EV factory, phase I | Xiaomi | Beijing | plant | Electric vehicles |  | 39.790, 116.530 (city) | [^141] |
| Yizhuang EV factory, phase II | Xiaomi | Beijing | plant | Electric vehicles |  | 39.770, 116.560 (city) | [^141] |
| Qingdao production base | FAW-Volkswagen | Shandong | plant | Vehicles | operating | 36.300, 120.400 (city) | [^105][^142] |
| Ningde HX base | CATL | Fujian | plant | Battery modules and packs | operating | 26.660, 119.520 (city) | [^143] |
| Luoyang production base | CATL | Henan | plant | Battery packs | operating | 34.620, 112.450 (city) | [^144] |
| Green smelting upgrade project | China Northern Rare Earth | Inner Mongolia | refinery | Rare earth salts, oxides and metals | operating, opened 2024[^145] | 40.620, 109.950 (city) | [^145][^146] |
| Inner Mongolia Northern Rare Earth Magnetic Materials | China Northern Rare Earth | Inner Mongolia | plant | Rare earth magnetic materials |  | 40.600, 110.050 (region) | [^146] |
| Xinfeng Xinli NdFeB scrap recycling | China Northern Rare Earth | Jiangxi | refinery | Rare earth oxides from magnet scrap |  | 25.390, 114.920 (region) | [^146][^147] |
| Tangshan large reducer plant | Sumitomo Heavy Industries | Hebei | plant | Large industrial reducers | opened 2009[^148] | 39.630, 118.180 (city) | [^148] |
| Sumitomo (SHI) Cyclo Drive China, Tianjin | Sumitomo Heavy Industries | Tianjin | plant | Reducers and gearmotors |  | 39.090, 117.310 (city) | [^149] |
| Timken-XEMC wind bearing plant, Xiangtan | Timken | Hunan | plant | Ultra-large bore wind turbine bearings | opened 2010[^150] | 27.830, 112.940 (city) | [^150] |
| Wuxi wind bearing plant | Timken | Jiangsu | plant | Wind turbine bearings |  | 31.490, 120.310 (city) | [^150] |
| SKF Dalian large and medium bearing factories | SKF | Liaoning | plant | Large and medium industrial bearings | opened 2006[^151] | 39.060, 121.800 (city) | [^151] |
| THK Manufacturing of China (Wuxi) | THK | Jiangsu | plant | - | operating | 31.550, 120.360 (city) | [^152][^153] |
| THK Manufacturing of China (Liaoning) | THK | Liaoning | plant | - | operating | 39.060, 121.820 (city) | [^152] |
| THK Manufacturing of China (Dalian) | THK | Liaoning | plant | - | operating | 39.100, 121.730 (city) | [^152] |
| THK Manufacturing of China (Changzhou) | THK | Jiangsu | plant | - | operating | 31.870, 119.970 (city) | [^152] |
| Yaskawa Electric (Shenyang) servo plants | Yaskawa Electric | Liaoning | plant | AC servo motors, Servo amplifiers, Robot controllers | operating | 41.730, 123.270 (city) | [^154] |
| Jinan Global Production Center | Festo | Shandong | plant | Valves, Cylinders, Electric drives | operating | 36.650, 117.120 (city) | [^155] |
| Shanghai robot and controller factory | KUKA | Shanghai | plant | QUANTEC industrial robots, Robot controllers | opened 2013[^156] | 31.030, 121.230 (region) | [^156] |

## Links

Seller (or investor) first. Kind: supply means parts or materials change hands; investment means equity or loans; partnership means joint research or a product integration. Links to companies abroad continue on those countries' pages once they are live.

| From | To | Kind | What | Confidence | Source |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| China Northern Rare Earth (CN) | JL MAG Rare-Earth (CN) | supply | Rare earth raw materials (long-term agreement) | reported | [^27] |
| China Rare Earth Group (CN) | JL MAG Rare-Earth (CN) | supply | Rare earth raw materials (long-term agreement) | reported | [^27] |
| Nabtesco (JP) | FANUC (JP) | supply | RV precision reduction gears | reported | [^157] |
| Nabtesco (JP) | Yaskawa Electric (JP) | supply | RV precision reduction gears | reported | [^157] |
| Leaderdrive (CN) | UBTech Robotics (CN) | supply | Harmonic reducers | reported | [^158] |
| Leaderdrive (CN) | AgiBot (CN) | supply | Harmonic reducers | reported | [^158] |
| Ningbo Tuopu Group (CN) | Tesla (US) | supply | Optimus actuator assemblies. Supplier audits and orders reported by Chinese media; Tesla has not confirmed. | estimated | [^88] |
| Japan Australia Rare Earths (JARE) (JP) | Proterial (JP) | supply | Lynas rare earth oxides bought on its behalf. SMM describes JARE as the buying agent for Shin-Etsu, Proterial and TDK; the companies have not confirmed volumes. | estimated | [^159] |
| Neo Performance Materials (CA) | Daido Steel (JP) | supply | Magnequench powder for hot-deformed NdFeB magnets | reported | [^160][^161] |
| Nabtesco (JP) | Kawasaki Heavy Industries (JP) | supply | RV precision reduction gears | reported | [^162] |
| Nabtesco (JP) | KUKA (DE) | supply | RV precision reduction gears | reported | [^162] |
| Nabtesco (JP) | ABB Robotics (CH) | supply | RV precision reduction gears | reported | [^162] |
| Yaskawa Electric (JP) | Mujin (JP) | partnership | Robot arms driven by MujinController in Mujin systems | reported | [^163][^164] |
| FANUC (JP) | Mujin (JP) | partnership | Robot arms driven by MujinController in Mujin systems | reported | [^164] |
| Australian Strategic Materials (ASM) (AU) | Neo Performance Materials (CA) | supply | NdPr metal from the Korean Metals Plant for Neo's Magnequench magnet business. About 19 t delivered by June 2025 and another 10 t sold in July 2025, with first kilogram lots of terbium and dysprosium sent to Neo's Estonia magnet plant. | reported | [^165][^166] |
| THK (JP) | Samick THK (KR) | investment | Equity-method stake (33.34% in 2007). The 33.34% figure is from THK's 2007 annual report, the latest share it has published that we found; it may have changed since. | reported | [^167] |
| Baotou Steel (CN) | China Northern Rare Earth (CN) | supply | Bayan Obo rare earth concentrate (related-party contract). Both are controlled by Baotou Iron and Steel Group; the price is reset under a related-party mechanism. | reported | [^38][^106] |
| JL MAG Rare-Earth (CN) | Tesla (US) | supply | NdFeB magnets | reported | [^168][^169] |
| JL MAG Rare-Earth (CN) | Midea (CN) | supply | NdFeB magnets for inverter air conditioners | reported | [^168] |
| JL MAG Rare-Earth (CN) | Mitsubishi Electric (JP) | supply | NdFeB magnets for inverter air conditioners | reported | [^168] |
| Shuanghuan Driveline (CN) | Efort (CN) | supply | Robot joint reducers (10,000-set order). Order announced in 2019; no later volume is public. | reported | [^170] |
| Inspire Robots (CN) | Unitree Robotics (CN) | supply | Dexterous hands fitted to the H2 humanoid. Inferred from Inspire hands sold as replacement parts made for the Unitree H2. | estimated | [^171] |
| Sanhua Intelligent Controls (CN) | Tesla (US) | supply | Finished actuator modules. Named by Counterpoint Research as an Optimus supplier; Tesla has not confirmed it. | estimated | [^172] |
| Zhaowei Machinery & Electronics (CN) | Tesla (US) | supply | Planetary gearboxes for the hand's coreless motors. Named by Counterpoint Research as an Optimus supplier; Tesla has not confirmed it. | estimated | [^172] |
| MOONS' Electric (CN) | Tesla (US) | supply | Coreless motors. Named by Counterpoint Research as an Optimus supplier; Tesla has not confirmed it. | estimated | [^172] |
| Leaderdrive (CN) | Tesla (US) | supply | Harmonic reducers for rotary actuators. Named by Counterpoint Research as an Optimus supplier; Tesla has not confirmed it. | estimated | [^172] |
| Shuanghuan Driveline (CN) | Tesla (US) | supply | RV reducers for rotary actuators. Named by Counterpoint Research as an Optimus supplier; Tesla has not confirmed it. | estimated | [^172] |
| Ningbo Joyson Electronic (CN) | Tesla (US) | supply | Optimus parts after supplier audits. Supplier audits reported by Chinese media; Tesla has not confirmed. | estimated | [^88] |
| Proterial (JP) | Zhong Ke San Huan (CN) | investment | Nantong NdFeB magnet joint venture (Hitachi Metals 51%, San Huan 49%) | reported | [^43] |
| China Rare Earth Group (CN) | Zhong Ke San Huan (CN) | investment | Ganzhou magnet joint venture (San Huan 66%, Southern Rare Earth 34%). The partner was China Southern Rare Earth, since folded into China Rare Earth Group. | estimated | [^111] |
| Midea (CN) | KUKA (DE) | investment | Ownership of KUKA | reported | [^84] |
| Midea (CN) | Yaskawa Electric (JP) | partnership | Industrial and service robot joint ventures in Guangdong (2015). Yaskawa holds 51% of the industrial robot venture, Midea 60.1% of the service robot one. | reported | [^125] |
| Shanghai Electric (CN) | FANUC (JP) | investment | 50% of the Shanghai Fanuc robot joint venture. Announced in 2024 for CNY 3.08 billion; sources differ on the resulting ownership split. | reported | [^124] |
| Wolong Electric Drive (CN) | AgiBot (CN) | investment | Strategic equity stake. Reported as a strategic investment; the size of the stake is not public. | estimated | [^173] |
| AUBO Robotics (CN) | BYD (CN) | supply | Collaborative robots (renewed order for 7,500 units). Order renewed in January 2023; deliveries are not reported. | reported | [^129] |
| UBTech Robotics (CN) | Dongfeng Liuzhou Motor (CN) | supply | Walker S humanoids (planned purchase of 20 units). Announced in March 2025 with delivery planned for the first half of that year. | reported | [^103] |
| UBTech Robotics (CN) | BYD (CN) | partnership | Walker S1 humanoid training on EV assembly lines | reported | [^103] |
| UBTech Robotics (CN) | Geely Holding (CN) | partnership | Walker S humanoid trials at Geely and Zeekr factories | reported | [^174][^103] |
| JAKA Robotics (CN) | Toyota Motor (JP) | supply | Collaborative robots. JAKA names Toyota as a customer on its own site; Toyota has not said so. | estimated | [^98] |
| Guohua Intelligent (CN) | Xiaomi (CN) | supply | Upper-body, rotary and linear joint modules for Xiaomi's humanoid project | reported | [^175] |
| ROKAE (CN) | Schaeffler (DE) | supply | Light industrial robots. Schaeffler was named as a ROKAE client in May 2021; no later source confirms the supply is current. | estimated | [^100] |
| ROKAE (CN) | Xiaomi (CN) | supply | Light industrial robots. Xiaomi was named as a ROKAE client in May 2021; no later source confirms the supply is current. | estimated | [^100] |
| Schaeffler (DE) | ROKAE (CN) | partnership | Co-development and supply of humanoid joint modules. Strategic cooperation agreement signed in April 2026. | reported | [^176] |
| Schaeffler (DE) | Leju Robotics (CN) | partnership | Humanoid deployment, data training and component supply. Signed in March 2026; Leju is Schaeffler's first embodied-AI partner in China. | reported | [^132] |
| Shenghe Resources (CN) | Neo Performance Materials (CA) | investment | Purchase of 86% of JAMR and 88% of ZAMR, Neo's China separation units. Bought by a Shenghe affiliate in 2025; Neo kept 9% of JAMR and 10% of ZAMR and holds a five-year exclusive right to distribute JAMR's heavy rare earth products outside China. | reported | [^134] |
| BYD (CN) | AgiBot (CN) | investment | Equity stake. Reported in passing; the size and date of the stake are not given. | reported | [^132] |
| Xiaomi (CN) | Guohua Intelligent (CN) | investment | Equity stake (Xiaomi Industry Investment). Part of a round worth tens of millions of yuan in 2025. | reported | [^175] |
| LY iTech (CN) | AgiBot (CN) | supply | Contract manufacturing and final assembly of humanoid robots. Strategic deal in 2023, ODM framework in 2024 and a joint venture in 2025, when LY iTech delivered over 5,000 robots and parts to AgiBot. | reported | [^104] |
| Galbot (CN) | CATL (CN) | supply | Galbot S1 humanoids on module and battery pack lines. Working at the Ningde HX base since March 2026; a wider partnership was signed that June. | reported | [^143][^144] |
| UBTech Robotics (CN) | FAW-Volkswagen (CN) | partnership | Humanoid robots for logistics and smart manufacturing. Strategic partnership signed in October 2026; UBTech had named FAW-Volkswagen Qingdao as a partner in November 2025. | reported | [^105][^142] |
| Ningbo Tuopu Group (CN) | XPeng (CN) | supply | Robot actuators and structural parts. Named in March 2026 as one of more than a dozen robot makers whose supply chain Tuopu has entered; one source, no volumes. | estimated | [^140] |
| Ningbo Tuopu Group (CN) | UBTech Robotics (CN) | supply | Robot actuators and structural parts. Named in March 2026 as one of more than a dozen robot makers whose supply chain Tuopu has entered; one source, no volumes. | estimated | [^140] |
| Geely Holding (CN) | Unitree Robotics (CN) | investment | Equity stake. Listed among Unitree's corporate shareholders in its 2026 IPO prospectus; the size of the stake is not given. | reported | [^177] |
| CATL (CN) | Galbot (CN) | investment | Equity stake (lead investor in a 1.1 billion yuan round). CATL co-led the June 2025 round with its own fund; Galbot is the only embodied-AI company CATL has invested in. | reported | [^178][^144] |
| SKF (SE) | Leaderdrive (CN) | investment | Joint venture for robot joint transmission parts (SKF 60%). Signed on 2 July 2026; the venture is to be based in China and start operating by the end of 2026. | reported | [^179] |
| Minth Group (TW) | Leaderdrive (CN) | partnership | Planned joint venture for humanoid joint modules in North America. Reported as a plan in March 2026; one source. | reported | [^180] |
| Minth Group (TW) | AgiBot (CN) | partnership | Exterior parts, wireless charging, joint assemblies and flexible manufacturing. Strategic cooperation agreement, named in Minth's 2025 annual report. | reported | [^138][^180] |
| Leaderdrive (CN) | Unitree Robotics (CN) | supply | Harmonic reducers. Unitree is named among Leaderdrive's humanoid customers in an article citing unnamed industry data; no volumes or contract are given. | estimated | [^181] |
| Ningbo Joyson Electronic (CN) | AgiBot (CN) | partnership | Joint development of humanoid core technology, custom solutions and test platforms. Strategic cooperation agreement signed in the first half of 2025. | reported | [^182] |
| Ningbo Joyson Electronic (CN) | Galbot (CN) | supply | Robot components. Galbot is listed among Joyson's robotics clients in its 2025 interim results; the parts supplied are not named. | estimated | [^182] |
| Zhaowei Machinery & Electronics (CN) | Galbot (CN) | partnership | Dexterous hand development and deployment. One of 12 strategic memoranda Zhaowei signed at its July 2025 dexterous hand launch. | reported | [^183] |
| Agility Robotics (US) | Schaeffler (DE) | supply | Digit humanoids for Schaeffler plants (robots as a service) | reported | [^184] |
| Schaeffler (DE) | Agility Robotics (US) | investment | Minority equity stake | reported | [^184] |

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