---
title: "South Korea: actuator supply chain"
description: "South Korea mines no rare earths and makes few magnets, but it is a top-four robot market whose conglomerates now buy rare earths abroad and back humanoid makers at home and in the US. A map of 33 companies' headquarters and plants across rare earths, magnets and motors, gears and bearings, and robot makers, with supply links and sources."
canonical: https://actuatorlist.com/korea
last-updated: 2026-11-11T13:40:47.000Z
---
# South Korea: actuator supply chain

South Korea mines no rare earths and makes few magnets, but it is a top-four robot market whose conglomerates now buy rare earths abroad and back humanoid makers at home and in the US. 33 companies, 56 sites and 35 current links (18 supply, the rest investment or partnership), as of November 2026. Interactive map: https://actuatorlist.com/korea. JSON: https://actuatorlist.com/api/v1/countries/KR. MCP: get_country("KR").

Companies are those headquartered in South Korea or with a site there; a foreign owner keeps its own country in the HQ column. Revenue is the latest fiscal year converted from local currency (estimate, "~"); gross margin is gross profit over net sales.

## Share of each stage

| Stage | South Korea's share | Share of | World leader |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Mining | 0%[^1] (model, 2025) | world rare earth mine output | 🇨🇳 CN 69%[^1] |
| Separation | no public split[^2][^3] | world rare earth separation | 🇨🇳 CN 91%[^4] |
| Metal & alloy | no public split[^5] | world rare earth metal and alloy output | 🇨🇳 CN 90%[^6] |
| Magnets | no public split[^7] | world NdFeB magnet output | 🇨🇳 CN 94%[^4] |
| Gearing | no public split[^8][^9] | world robot reducer market | - |
| Robots | 6%[^10] (model, 2024) | world industrial robot installations | - |

- Separation: POSCO International buys separated oxides from ReElement in the US and is building a joint separation and magnet venture there; no source gives Korea's separation share.
- Metal & alloy: ASM's Korean Metals Plant at Ochang makes NdPr metal and about 1,300 t a year of NdFeB alloy; no source gives Korea's share.
- Magnets: Star Group Industrial is described as Korea's only maker of rare earth permanent magnets; no source gives Korea's share.
- Gearing: SPG and SBB Tech make robot reducers in Korea and are scaling up for humanoids; no source gives Korea's share.

## Policies

- [Rare earth supply plan: all 17 rare earths made critical](https://actuatorlist.com/policy#measure=kr-ree-plan-2026): subsidy and programme, in force
- [K-Humanoid Alliance](https://actuatorlist.com/policy#measure=kr-k-humanoid-2025): subsidy and programme, in force
- [Framework Act on supply chain stabilisation](https://actuatorlist.com/policy#measure=kr-supply-chain-act-2024): subsidy and programme, in force
- [4th Intelligent Robot Basic Plan, 2024 to 2028](https://actuatorlist.com/policy#measure=kr-robot-basic-plan-4): subsidy and programme, in force

All measures with their status history: https://actuatorlist.com/policy.

## Clusters

- **Daejeon and Sejong** (4 sites): Rainbow Robotics' Daejeon home and new Sejong plant, near Samsung Electro-Mechanics' Sejong works. Rainbow Robotics, Korea Institute of Machinery & Materials (KIMM), Samsung Electro-Mechanics.
- **Changwon machinery cluster** (7 sites): Servo motors, actuators, reducers and bearings: HIGEN RNM, Samhyun, Woorim PTS, NSK, Schaeffler and LG's actuator line. HIGEN RNM, Samhyun, Woorim PTS, NSK, Schaeffler, LG Electronics.
- **Daegu motion-parts belt** (5 sites): HD Hyundai Robotics' robot factory, Samick THK's linear guide plants and Star Group's magnet works around Daegu and Yeongcheon. Star Group Industrial, Samick THK, HD Hyundai Robotics.
- **Ulsan industrial coast** (2 sites): Hyundai Motor's main car plant and Korea Zinc's Onsan smelter. Korea Zinc, Hyundai Motor.
- **Seoul and Gyeonggi HQ cluster** (25 sites): Head offices and labs from Incheon to Pangyo and Suwon: Samsung, LG, Hyundai, Doosan, Naver and the cobot makers. Hyundai Mobis, Korea Zinc, POSCO International, LS Eco Energy, Samsung Electro-Mechanics, SPG, SBB Tech, Hyundai Motor, Doosan Robotics, LG Electronics, Samsung Electronics, Naver Labs, Robotis, Hanwha Robotics, Neuromeka, Wonik Robotics, Angel Robotics, Schaeffler, HD Hyundai, LIG Nex1.

## Companies

| Company | Segment | HQ | Sites in South Korea | Revenue (USD) | Gross margin | Listing |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **Hyundai Mobis** (`hyundai-mobis`) 현대모비스 | Robot & actuator makers | 🇰🇷 KR | 2 | - | - | KRX: 012330 |
| **Rainbow Robotics** (`rainbow-robotics`) 레인보우로보틱스 | Robot & actuator makers | 🇰🇷 KR | 2 | - | - | KOSDAQ: 277810 |
| **NSK** (`nsk`) 日本精工 | Gears, screws & bearings | 🇯🇵 JP | 2 | ~$5.88-6.29B[^11] (estimate, 2026-03) | 21%[^12][^11] (model, 2026-03) | TYO: 6471 |
| **Korea Zinc** (`korea-zinc`) 고려아연 | Rare earth mining & refining | 🇰🇷 KR | 2 | - | - | KRX: 010130 |
| **POSCO International** (`posco-international`) 포스코인터내셔널 | Rare earth mining & refining | 🇰🇷 KR | 4 | - | - | KRX: 047050 |
| **LS Eco Energy** (`ls-eco-energy`) LS에코에너지 | Rare earth mining & refining | 🇰🇷 KR | 1 | - | - | KRX: 229640 |
| **KOMIR** (`komir`) 한국광해광업공단 | Rare earth mining & refining | 🇰🇷 KR | 3 | - | - | state |
| **Australian Strategic Materials (ASM)** (`asm`) | Rare earth mining & refining | 🇦🇺 AU | 1 | - | - | subsidiary |
| **Star Group Industrial** (`star-group`) 성림첨단산업 | Magnets & motors | 🇰🇷 KR | 2 | - | - | private |
| **LG Innotek** (`lg-innotek`) LG이노텍 | Magnets & motors | 🇰🇷 KR | 2 | - | - | KRX: 011070 |
| **Samsung Electro-Mechanics** (`samsung-electro-mechanics`) 삼성전기 | Magnets & motors | 🇰🇷 KR | 3 | - | - | KRX: 009150 |
| **HIGEN RNM** (`higen-rnm`) 하이젠알앤엠 | Magnets & motors | 🇰🇷 KR | 1 | - | - | private |
| **SNT Motiv** (`snt-motiv`) SNT모티브 | Magnets & motors | 🇰🇷 KR | 1 | - | - | KRX: 064960 |
| **Samhyun** (`samhyun`) 삼현 | Magnets & motors | 🇰🇷 KR | 1 | - | - | KOSDAQ: 437730 |
| **SPG** (`spg`) 에스피지 | Gears, screws & bearings | 🇰🇷 KR | 2 | - | - | KOSDAQ: 058610 |
| **SBB Tech** (`sbb-tech`) 에스비비테크 | Gears, screws & bearings | 🇰🇷 KR | 1 | - | - | KOSDAQ: 389500 |
| **Woorim PTS** (`woorim-pts`) 우림피티에스 | Gears, screws & bearings | 🇰🇷 KR | 1 | - | - | private |
| **Samick THK** (`samick-thk`) 삼익THK | Gears, screws & bearings | 🇰🇷 KR | 3 | - | - | KRX: 004380 |
| **Schaeffler** (`schaeffler`) | Gears, screws & bearings | 🇩🇪 DE | 3 | - | - | ETR: SHA0 |
| **Hyundai Motor** (`hyundai-motor`) 현대자동차 | Robot & actuator makers | 🇰🇷 KR | 3 | - | - | KRX: 005380 |
| **Doosan Robotics** (`doosan-robotics`) 두산로보틱스 | Robot & actuator makers | 🇰🇷 KR | 2 | - | - | KRX: 454910 |
| **HD Hyundai Robotics** (`hd-hyundai-robotics`) HD현대로보틱스 | Robot & actuator makers | 🇰🇷 KR | 1 | - | - | subsidiary |
| **LG Electronics** (`lg-electronics`) LG전자 | Robot & actuator makers | 🇰🇷 KR | 2 | - | - | KRX: 066570 |
| **Samsung Electronics** (`samsung-electronics`) 삼성전자 | Robot & actuator makers | 🇰🇷 KR | 1 | - | - | KRX: 005930 |
| **Naver Labs** (`naver-labs`) 네이버랩스 | Robot & actuator makers | 🇰🇷 KR | 1 | - | - | subsidiary |
| **Robotis** (`robotis`) 로보티즈 | Robot & actuator makers | 🇰🇷 KR | 1 | - | - | KOSDAQ: 108490 |
| **Hanwha Robotics** (`hanwha-robotics`) 한화로보틱스 | Robot & actuator makers | 🇰🇷 KR | 1 | - | - | subsidiary |
| **Neuromeka** (`neuromeka`) 뉴로메카 | Robot & actuator makers | 🇰🇷 KR | 1 | - | - | KOSDAQ: 348340 |
| **Wonik Robotics** (`wonik-robotics`) 원익로보틱스 | Robot & actuator makers | 🇰🇷 KR | 2 | - | - | subsidiary |
| **Angel Robotics** (`angel-robotics`) 엔젤로보틱스 | Robot & actuator makers | 🇰🇷 KR | 1 | - | - | KOSDAQ: 455900 |
| **Korea Institute of Machinery & Materials (KIMM)** (`kimm`) 한국기계연구원 | Robot & actuator makers | 🇰🇷 KR | 1 | - | - | state |
| **HD Hyundai** (`hd-hyundai`) | Robot & actuator makers | 🇰🇷 KR | 1 | - | - | KRX: 267250 |
| **LIG Nex1** (`lig-nex1`) LIG넥스원 | Robot & actuator makers | 🇰🇷 KR | 1 | - | - | KRX: 079550 |

## Sites

Pins marked "city" are the city centre, "region" the province; "site" is the plant itself.

| Site | Company | Province | Kind | Makes | Status | Lat, lon (pin) | Source |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Hyundai Mobis headquarters | Hyundai Mobis | Seoul | hq | - | operating | 37.510, 127.040 (city) | [^13] |
| Rainbow Robotics headquarters | Rainbow Robotics | Daejeon | hq | - | operating | 36.350, 127.380 (city) | [^14] |
| Korea Zinc headquarters | Korea Zinc | Seoul | hq | - | operating | 37.500, 127.030 (city) | [^15] |
| POSCO International headquarters | POSCO International | Incheon | hq | - | operating | 37.390, 126.640 (city) | [^16] |
| LS Eco Energy headquarters | LS Eco Energy | Seoul | hq | - | operating | 37.530, 126.970 (city) | [^17] |
| KOMIR headquarters | KOMIR | Gangwon | hq | - | operating | 37.340, 127.920 (city) | [^18] |
| Star Group Industrial headquarters | Star Group Industrial | Daegu | hq | - | operating | 35.870, 128.600 (city) | [^19] |
| Samsung Electro-Mechanics headquarters and Suwon plant | Samsung Electro-Mechanics | Gyeonggi | hq | - | operating | 37.250, 127.050 (city) | [^20] |
| HIGEN RNM headquarters and Changwon plant | HIGEN RNM | Gyeongnam | hq | Servo motors and drives, Robot actuators | operating | 35.230, 128.680 (city) | [^21] |
| SNT Motiv headquarters (Gijang) | SNT Motiv | Busan | hq | - | operating | 35.270, 129.150 (city) | [^22] |
| Samhyun headquarters | Samhyun | Gyeongnam | hq | - | operating | 35.230, 128.680 (city) | [^23] |
| SPG headquarters and Namdong plant | SPG | Incheon | hq | Robot reducers, Geared motors | operating | 37.400, 126.690 (city) | [^24][^25] |
| SBB Tech headquarters | SBB Tech | Gyeonggi | hq | - | operating | 37.615, 126.716 (city) | [^26] |
| Woorim PTS headquarters (Changwon) | Woorim PTS | Gyeongnam | hq | - | operating | 35.200, 128.700 (city) | [^27] |
| Samick THK headquarters and Daegu plant | Samick THK | Daegu | hq | LM guides, Ball screws | operating | 35.840, 128.500 (city) | [^28][^29] |
| Hyundai Motor headquarters | Hyundai Motor | Seoul | hq | - | operating | 37.463, 127.040 (city) | [^30] |
| Doosan Robotics headquarters | Doosan Robotics | Gyeonggi | hq | - | operating | 37.260, 127.030 (city) | [^31] |
| HD Hyundai Robotics headquarters and Daegu smart factory | HD Hyundai Robotics | Daegu | hq | Industrial robots, Service robots | operating | 35.650, 128.420 (city) | [^32][^33] |
| LG Electronics headquarters | LG Electronics | Seoul | hq | - | operating | 37.525, 126.925 (city) | [^34] |
| Samsung Electronics headquarters | Samsung Electronics | Gyeonggi | hq | - | operating | 37.260, 127.050 (city) | [^35] |
| Naver 1784 (Naver Labs robot testbed, Seongnam) | Naver Labs | Gyeonggi | hq | - | operating | 37.360, 127.105 (city) | [^36][^37] |
| Robotis headquarters | Robotis | Seoul | hq | - | operating | 37.560, 126.830 (city) | [^38] |
| Hanwha Robotics headquarters | Hanwha Robotics | Gyeonggi | hq | - | operating | 37.400, 127.110 (city) | [^39] |
| Neuromeka headquarters | Neuromeka | Seoul | hq | - | operating | 37.563, 127.060 (city) | [^40] |
| Wonik Robotics headquarters | Wonik Robotics | Gyeonggi | hq | - | operating | 37.400, 127.100 (city) | [^41] |
| Angel Robotics headquarters | Angel Robotics | Seoul | hq | - | operating | 37.545, 127.050 (city) | [^42][^43] |
| KIMM headquarters | Korea Institute of Machinery & Materials (KIMM) | Daejeon | hq | - | operating | 36.390, 127.360 (city) | [^44] |
| Onsan smelter | Korea Zinc | Ulsan | plant | Zinc and lead, Antimony, indium and bismuth | operating | 35.430, 129.330 (city) | [^15] |
| Gunsan rare metal stockpile warehouse | KOMIR | Jeonbuk | plant | Public rare metal stockpile | operating | 35.970, 126.710 (city) | [^45] |
| Saemangeum critical mineral stockpile base | KOMIR | Jeonbuk | plant | Critical mineral stockpile, rare earths included | construction | 35.880, 126.600 (region) | [^46][^47] |
| Korean Metals Plant (Ochang) | Australian Strategic Materials (ASM) | Chungbuk | plant | NdPr metal, NdFeB alloy | operating | 36.720, 127.430 (city) | [^48][^5] |
| Pohang drive motor core plant | POSCO International | Gyeongbuk | plant | EV drive motor cores | operating | 36.020, 129.340 (city) | [^49] |
| Cheonan drive motor core plant | POSCO International | Chungnam | plant | EV drive motor cores | operating | 36.815, 127.114 (city) | [^49] |
| Yeongcheon magnet plant | Star Group Industrial | Gyeongbuk | plant | Sintered NdFeB magnets | operating | 35.970, 128.940 (city) | [^19] |
| Gumi plant | LG Innotek | Gyeongbuk | plant | Camera modules, Substrates | operating | 36.120, 128.340 (city) | [^50] |
| Gwangju plant | LG Innotek | Gwangju | plant | Automotive electronics modules | operating, opened 1985[^51] | 35.160, 126.850 (city) | [^51] |
| Sejong plant | Samsung Electro-Mechanics | Sejong | plant | Electronic components | operating | 36.560, 127.330 (city) | [^20] |
| Busan plant | Samsung Electro-Mechanics | Busan | plant | Electronic components | operating | 35.090, 128.860 (city) | [^20] |
| Uiwang R&D centre (Atlas actuator prototype line) | Hyundai Mobis | Gyeonggi | rnd | Actuator prototypes for the Atlas humanoid | operating | 37.345, 126.968 (city) | [^52][^53] |
| Songdo R&D centre | SPG | Incheon | rnd | Reducer and actuator development | operating | 37.390, 126.650 (city) | [^25] |
| Technopolis plant (Dalseong) | Samick THK | Daegu | plant | LM guides | operating, opened 2020[^54] | 35.690, 128.450 (city) | [^54][^28] |
| Pyeongtaek plant | Samick THK | Gyeonggi | plant | Motion components | operating | 36.990, 127.110 (city) | [^28] |
| NSK Korea Changwon plant | NSK | Gyeongnam | plant | Precision linear guides | operating | 35.230, 128.680 (city) | [^55] |
| NSK Needle Bearing Korea, Changwon | NSK | Gyeongnam | plant | Needle bearings | operating | 35.230, 128.680 (city) | [^56] |
| Schaeffler Korea Changwon plant | Schaeffler | Gyeongnam | plant | High-precision bearings, E-mobility systems | operating | 35.230, 128.680 (city) | [^57] |
| Schaeffler Korea Jeonju plant | Schaeffler | Jeonbuk | plant | Bearings | operating | 35.820, 127.150 (city) | [^57] |
| Schaeffler Korea Ansan plant | Schaeffler | Gyeonggi | plant | Bearings | operating | 37.320, 126.830 (city) | [^57] |
| Suwon cobot plant | Doosan Robotics | Gyeonggi | plant | Collaborative robot arms | operating | 37.260, 127.030 (city) | [^58] |
| Sejong plant and new headquarters | Rainbow Robotics | Sejong | plant | Robot production | construction | 36.500, 127.270 (city) | [^59] |
| Ulsan plant | Hyundai Motor | Ulsan | plant | Vehicles | operating | 35.530, 129.380 (city) | [^60] |
| Uiwang R&D centre (Robotics LAB) | Hyundai Motor | Gyeonggi | rnd | Robotics and physical AI research | operating | 37.345, 126.968 (city) | [^61] |
| Changwon plant (AXIUM actuator pilot line) | LG Electronics | Gyeongnam | plant | Robot actuators (pilot production) | operating | 35.230, 128.680 (city) | [^62] |
| Wanju plant | Wonik Robotics | Jeonbuk | plant | Robot production | operating | 35.900, 127.160 (region) | [^63] |
| POSCO International headquarters | POSCO International | Incheon | hq | - | operating | 37.456, 126.705 (city) | [^64] |
| HD Hyundai headquarters | HD Hyundai | Gyeonggi | hq | - | operating | 37.400, 127.110 (city) | [^65] |
| LIG Nex1 headquarters | LIG Nex1 | Gyeonggi | hq | - | operating | 37.241, 127.178 (city) | [^66] |

## Links

Seller (or investor) first. Kind: supply means parts or materials change hands; investment means equity or loans; partnership means joint research or a product integration. Links to companies abroad continue on those countries' pages once they are live.

| From | To | Kind | What | Confidence | Source |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Hyundai Mobis (KR) | Boston Dynamics (US) | supply | Actuators for the production Atlas humanoid | reported | [^67] |
| ReElement Technologies (US) | POSCO International (KR) | supply | Separated rare earth oxides (NdPr, Dy, Tb, Y) under a long-term offtake. Signed September 2025 with POSCO International America; volumes are planned to pass 3,000 t a year by 2030. | reported | [^2] |
| POSCO International (KR) | ReElement Technologies (US) | investment | Majority stake in a US$200 m rare earth and magnet joint venture. Signed May 2026; POSCO leads the venture and ReElement supplies the separation technology. Site not yet chosen. | reported | [^3] |
| Star Group Industrial (KR) | POSCO International (KR) | supply | NdFeB magnets for POSCO International's carmaker supply contracts. Star Group makes the magnets and POSCO International sells them, under about 1.16 trillion won of deals signed in 2024 with a North American and a European carmaker. | reported | [^7][^68] |
| Arafura Rare Earths (AU) | Hyundai Motor (KR) | supply | NdPr oxide or metal from Nolans (binding offtake with Hyundai and Kia). Seven-year deal signed November 2022, 600 t in year one rising to 1,500 t; deliveries wait on Nolans production. | reported | [^69] |
| Lynas Rare Earths (AU) | LS Eco Energy (KR) | partnership | Rare earth oxides for LS Eco Energy's metal plant in Vietnam. Framework agreement of March 2026; definitive contracts are still to be negotiated. | estimated | [^70] |
| Australian Strategic Materials (ASM) (AU) | Noveon Magnetics (US) | supply | NdFeB alloy from the Korean Metals Plant (100 t agreement) | reported | [^71] |
| Australian Strategic Materials (ASM) (AU) | Neo Performance Materials (CA) | supply | NdPr metal from the Korean Metals Plant for Neo's Magnequench magnet business. About 19 t delivered by June 2025 and another 10 t sold in July 2025, with first kilogram lots of terbium and dysprosium sent to Neo's Estonia magnet plant. | reported | [^72][^73] |
| Australian Strategic Materials (ASM) (AU) | VACUUMSCHMELZE (VAC) (DE) | supply | NdFeB alloy from the Korean Metals Plant (7.2 t purchase order across five grades). Ordered in June 2025 after VAC validated earlier KMP material; shipments were scheduled from July through the second half of 2025. | reported | [^74][^75] |
| KOMIR (KR) | Arafura Rare Earths (AU) | partnership | Cooperation on rare earth supply to Korea | reported | [^76] |
| KOMIR (KR) | Australian Strategic Materials (ASM) (AU) | partnership | Cooperation on rare earth and critical metal use in Korea | reported | [^77] |
| POSCO International (KR) | Hyundai Motor (KR) | supply | EV drive motor cores for Hyundai and Kia. Orders include 1.68 m cores for the group's European EVs and 2.72 m for Metaplant America. | reported | [^78][^49] |
| SNT Motiv (KR) | Hyundai Motor (KR) | supply | Hybrid and EV traction motors | reported | [^22] |
| LG Innotek (KR) | Boston Dynamics (US) | partnership | Vision sensing and camera modules for the Atlas humanoid. The two agreed in 2025 to co-develop Atlas's vision module; a March 2026 press report says shipments have started, which neither company has confirmed. | estimated | [^79][^80] |
| LG Innotek (KR) | Figure AI (US) | supply | Camera modules for Figure's humanoid robots. Talks on volume and price were reported in June 2025, with mass production expected from early 2026; in January 2026 Dong-A Ilbo named Figure an LG Innotek client. Neither company has published contract terms. | estimated | [^81][^82] |
| Samsung Electro-Mechanics (KR) | Tesla (US) | supply | Camera modules for the Optimus humanoid. Single source: an August 2025 Investing.com summary of an Electronic Times report. Neither company has confirmed it. | estimated | [^83] |
| SPG (KR) | Rainbow Robotics (KR) | supply | Precision reducers for Rainbow's cobot, dual-arm and quadruped robots. One report calls SPG the exclusive reducer supplier; no second source confirms exclusivity. | estimated | [^8] |
| SPG (KR) | Korea Institute of Machinery & Materials (KIMM) (KR) | supply | Precision reducers for the KAIROS humanoid's standard drive modules (waist, hip and ankle joints). SPG announced the installation in September 2026, about a year after an October 2025 actuator development MoU. KAIROS is a state research platform, so this is a prototype supply, not a volume order. | reported | [^84][^85] |
| Woorim PTS (KR) | Boston Dynamics (US) | supply | Precision robot reducers. Reported by one market column; neither company has confirmed it. | estimated | [^86] |
| Hyundai Motor (KR) | Boston Dynamics (US) | investment | Controlling stake of about 80%, held across Hyundai Motor Group. Closed June 2021; SoftBank kept about 20%. | reported | [^87] |
| Boston Dynamics (US) | Hyundai Motor (KR) | partnership | Atlas training centre inside Metaplant America ahead of deployment. Hyundai plans to deploy Atlas at Metaplant from 2028. | reported | [^88][^89] |
| LIG Nex1 (KR) | Ghost Robotics (US) | investment | 60% controlling stake, bought for US$240 m. Closed July 2024. Taken from search summaries of the two sources; the pages were not opened. | estimated | [^90][^91] |
| Samsung Electronics (KR) | Rainbow Robotics (KR) | investment | Largest shareholding | reported | [^92] |
| LG Electronics (KR) | Bear Robotics (US) | investment | 51% controlling stake. Raised from 21% to 51% in January 2025. | reported | [^93] |
| Doosan Robotics (KR) | ONExia (US) | investment | 89.59% stake in the US robot integrator | reported | [^94] |
| THK (JP) | Samick THK (KR) | investment | Equity-method stake (33.34% in 2007). The 33.34% figure is from THK's 2007 annual report, the latest share it has published that we found; it may have changed since. | reported | [^95] |
| ROKAE (CN) | Schaeffler (DE) | supply | Light industrial robots. Schaeffler was named as a ROKAE client in May 2021; no later source confirms the supply is current. | estimated | [^96] |
| Schaeffler (DE) | ROKAE (CN) | partnership | Co-development and supply of humanoid joint modules. Strategic cooperation agreement signed in April 2026. | reported | [^97] |
| Schaeffler (DE) | Leju Robotics (CN) | partnership | Humanoid deployment, data training and component supply. Signed in March 2026; Leju is Schaeffler's first embodied-AI partner in China. | reported | [^98] |
| Energy Fuels (US) | POSCO International (KR) | supply | NdPr oxide for traction motor magnet qualification. Binding only for the sample shipment and testing; a long-term supply deal awaits definitive agreements. | reported | [^99] |
| Australian Strategic Materials (ASM) (AU) | USA Rare Earth (US) | supply | NdFeB alloy for Stillwater (five-year framework, about 60% of demand) | reported | [^100] |
| Agility Robotics (US) | Schaeffler (DE) | supply | Digit humanoids for Schaeffler plants (robots as a service) | reported | [^101] |
| Energy Fuels (US) | Australian Strategic Materials (ASM) (AU) | investment | Agreed acquisition of Australian Strategic Materials. Announced with the VAC deal; pending. | reported | [^102] |
| Schaeffler (DE) | Agility Robotics (US) | investment | Minority equity stake | reported | [^101] |
| Persona AI (US) | HD Hyundai (KR) | partnership | Humanoid welding robots for shipyards | reported | [^103] |

## Sources

[^1]: USGS, "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Rare Earths". https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-rare-earths.pdf (accessed 2026-10-25).
[^2]: Metal Tech News, "ReElement, POSCO sign rare earth offtake". https://www.metaltechnews.com/story/2025/10/01/tech-bytes/reelement-posco-sign-rare-earth-offtake/2496.html (not opened).
[^3]: Nasdaq (ReElement release), "ReElement Technologies and POSCO International form joint venture to develop integrated rare earth and magnet complex". https://www.nasdaq.com/press-release/reelement-technologies-and-posco-international-form-joint-venture-develop-integrated (not opened).
[^4]: IEA, "Rare earth elements: executive summary". https://www.iea.org/reports/rare-earth-elements/executive-summary (accessed 2026-10-25).
[^5]: Placera (Energy Fuels release), "Energy Fuels completes acquisition of Australian Strategic Materials". https://www.placera.se/pressmeddelanden/energy-fuels-completes-acquisition-of-australian-strategic-materials-20260828 (not opened).
[^6]: Reuters via Investing.com, "Goldman says West needs over $25 billion investments in rare earths to match China". https://investing.com/news/commodities-news/goldman-says-west-needs-over-25-billion-investments-in-rare-earths-to-match-china-3120910 (accessed 2026-10-26).
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