---
title: "Actuator chain policy"
description: "Export controls, tariffs, subsidies and standards that touch the actuator supply chain from mine to robot, in China, the US, the EU, Japan and Korea, each with its status history and primary source."
canonical: https://actuatorlist.com/policy
last-updated: 2026-11-01T14:05:43.000Z
---
# Actuator chain policy

Every government or standards-body measure on file that touches the actuator chain, from rare earth mining to the finished robot: 73 measures (11 export control, 9 tariff and trade, 41 subsidy and programme, 12 standard and safety). By lane: China 20, United States 18, European Union 8, Japan 11, Korea 4, Others 4, International 8. As of 2026-10-27. Interactive timeline: https://actuatorlist.com/policy. JSON: https://actuatorlist.com/api/v1/policy. Feed of status changes: https://actuatorlist.com/policy/feed.xml.

Statuses: draft (standard in development), announced (decided, not yet applying), in force, suspended, expired. Every measure cites at least one government gazette, ministry notice or standards catalogue page.

## Latest status changes

- 2026-10-09: **46 more CRMA strategic projects, four for magnet rare earths** in force[^97]
- 2026-10-07: **Section 301 List 1: 25% on Chinese robots and motors** in force. Actions remain in effect during the second four-year review.[^14]
- 2026-10-07: **Section 301: 25% on Chinese permanent magnets from 2026** in force[^14]
- 2026-10: **ISO 25785-1 dynamically stable mobile robots (legged)** draft. Committee draft.[^95]
- 2026-10: **ISO 13482 second edition: service robots** draft. FDIS, approval stage.[^96]
- 2026-09-23: **Rare earth supply plan: all 17 rare earths made critical** in force. Designation plan confirmed.[^91]
- 2026-08-07: **OSC loan to Niron for rare-earth-free magnets** announced. Conditional commitment.[^94]
- 2026-07-24: **Section 122 temporary import surcharge** expired. 150-day limit reached.[^92]
- 2026-06-18: **Shenzhen embodied robot action plan 2025 to 2027** in force. Revised edition replaces the original.[^54]
- 2026-05-21: **Critical Minerals Strategic Reserve** in force. First rare earth offtake commitment.[^89]
- 2026-05-19: **Grant for Shin-Etsu rare earth refining in Japan** in force[^93]
- 2026-04-09: **Controls on rare earth equipment and raw materials** suspended. MOFCOM restated that the suspension runs to 10 November 2026.[^99]

## Measures

| Date | Where | Type | Measure | Status | Stages | Source |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2007 | INTL | Standard and safety | **IEC 61800-5-2 functional safety of drives** (`iec-61800-5-2`): Requirements for safety-related servo and variable speed drives within the IEC 61508 framework: the safe torque off, safe stop and safely limited speed functions in robot joint drives. The 2016 edition replaced the 2007 one. | In force since 2016-04-18 | Motors, Electronics, Actuators | [^1] |
| 2011 | INTL | Standard and safety | **ISO 10218-1 and -2:2011 industrial robot safety** (`iso-10218-2011`): The second edition of the industrial robot safety standard: Part 1 for the robot, Part 2 for robot systems and integration. Withdrawn when the 2025 edition was published. | Expired since 2025-02 | Actuators, Robots | [^2][^3] |
| 2011-03 | 🇯🇵 JP | Subsidy and programme | **JOGMEC and Sojitz back Lynas through JARE** (`jp-jare-lynas-2011`): JOGMEC and Sojitz set up Japan Australia Rare Earths and committed about US$250 million in loans and equity to Lynas, securing rare earths from its Mt Weld mine for Japan. | In force since 2011-03 | Mining, Separation | [^4] |
| 2014 | INTL | Standard and safety | **ISO 13482:2014 personal care robots** (`iso-13482-2014`): Safety requirements for mobile servant robots, physical assistant robots and person carriers, the closest published standard for service humanoids. Confirmed in 2020; a second edition is at final draft. | In force since 2020 | Actuators, Robots | [^5] |
| 2014-03 | INTL | Standard and safety | **IEC 60034-30-1 motor efficiency classes (IE code)** (`iec-60034-30-1`): Defines the IE efficiency classes for single-speed motors from 0.12 to 1,000 kW that efficiency laws such as the EU ecodesign rules cite. Edition 2.0 in 2025 replaced the 2014 edition. | In force since 2025 | Motors | [^6][^7] |
| 2015-01-01 | 🇨🇳 CN | Export control | **Rare earth export quotas replaced by licences** (`cn-ree-quota-end-2015`): China ended export quotas on rare earths, tungsten and molybdenum from 1 January 2015 and moved them to export licensing, after the WTO ruled the quotas broke its commitments. | In force since 2015-01-01 | Mining, Separation, Metal & alloy | [^8][^9] |
| 2015-04-14 | 🇨🇳 CN | Tariff and trade | **Export duties on rare earths removed** (`cn-ree-export-duty-end-2015`): The State Council Tariff Commission removed export duties on rare earths, tungsten, molybdenum and steel granules and powders from 1 May 2015. | In force since 2015-05-01 | Separation, Metal & alloy | [^10] |
| 2015-05-19 | 🇨🇳 CN | Subsidy and programme | **Made in China 2025** (`cn-made-in-china-2025`): The State Council's manufacturing strategy names high-end CNC machines and robots as one of ten priority fields and calls for breakthroughs in robot reducers, servo motors, controllers, sensors and drives. | In force since 2015-05-19 | Motors, Gearing, Electronics, Actuators, Robots | [^11] |
| 2016 | INTL | Standard and safety | **ISO/TS 15066 collaborative robots** (`iso-ts-15066-2016`): Technical specification for robots working beside people, with the force and pressure limits used to size power and force limited joints. Reviewed and confirmed in 2022. | In force since 2022 | Actuators, Robots | [^12] |
| 2018-06-20 | 🇺🇸 US | Tariff and trade | **Section 301 List 1: 25% on Chinese robots and motors** (`us-301-list-1-2018`): A 25% additional duty on about $34 billion a year of Chinese goods in 818 tariff lines, including industrial robots and several electric motor lines, from 6 July 2018. USTR confirmed in October 2026 that the Section 301 actions remain in effect. | In force since 2026-10-07 | Motors, Robots | [^13][^14] |
| 2019-10-01 | EU | Standard and safety | **Ecodesign rules for motors and drives** (`eu-ecodesign-motors-2019`): Regulation 2019/1781 sets minimum efficiency for induction motors from 0.12 to 1,000 kW and for variable speed drives, IE3 for most three-phase motors from July 2021. Permanent magnet servo motors sit outside its induction-motor scope. | In force since 2021-07-01 | Motors, Electronics | [^15] |
| 2020-11 | 🇺🇸 US | Subsidy and programme | **DPA Title III: MP Materials light rare earth separation** (`us-dpa-mp-2020`): One of three Defense Production Act Title III rare earth awards in November 2020: $9.6 million for separation and processing of light rare earths at Mountain Pass, California. | In force since 2020-11 | Separation | [^16] |
| 2021-02-01 | 🇺🇸 US | Subsidy and programme | **DPA Title III: Lynas light rare earth plant in Texas** (`us-dpa-lynas-2021`): $30.4 million under Defense Production Act Title III toward a Lynas USA light rare earth separation plant in Hondo, Texas. | In force since 2021-02-01 | Separation | [^17] |
| 2021-12-28 | 🇨🇳 CN | Subsidy and programme | **14th Five-Year Plan for the robot industry** (`cn-robot-fyp-2021`): Fifteen departments set targets to 2025: robot industry revenue growing over 20% a year and manufacturing robot density doubled, with work on reducers, servo motors, controllers and other core parts. | Expired since 2025-12-31 | Motors, Gearing, Electronics, Actuators, Robots | [^18] |
| 2022-02 | 🇺🇸 US | Subsidy and programme | **DoD: MP Materials heavy rare earth separation** (`us-dod-mp-hree-2022`): $35 million from the Industrial Base Analysis and Sustainment programme for a heavy rare earth separation facility at Mountain Pass, the first of its kind in the US. | In force since 2022-02 | Separation | [^19] |
| 2022-06-14 | 🇺🇸 US | Subsidy and programme | **DoD: Lynas heavy rare earth separation in Texas** (`us-dod-lynas-hree-2022`): About $120 million from the Industrial Base Analysis and Sustainment programme for a Lynas USA heavy rare earth separation and processing facility on the Texas Gulf Coast. | In force since 2022-06-14 | Separation | [^20] |
| 2022-09-20 | 🇯🇵 JP | Subsidy and programme | **JARE equity for Mt Weld exploration** (`jp-jare-lynas-2022`): JARE made a further equity investment in Lynas to fund exploration at the Mt Weld deposit. | In force since 2022-09-20 | Mining | [^21] |
| 2022-12-20 | 🇯🇵 JP | Subsidy and programme | **Magnets, robots and critical minerals named critical products** (`jp-espa-critical-products-2022`): A Cabinet Order under the Economic Security Promotion Act named 11 specified critical products, among them permanent magnets, machine tools and industrial robots, and critical minerals, opening subsidies for plans that secure their supply. | In force since 2022-12-20 | Mining, Separation, Magnets, Motors, Gearing, Robots | [^22][^23] |
| 2023-01-01 | 🇺🇸 US | Subsidy and programme | **45X production credit for critical minerals** (`us-45x-critical-minerals`): The Inflation Reduction Act credit pays 10% of production costs for listed critical minerals, including several rare earths at stated purity, for components produced and sold after 2022. Final rules came in October 2024. | In force since 2024-10-28 | Separation, Metal & alloy | [^24][^25] |
| 2023-01-19 | 🇨🇳 CN | Subsidy and programme | **Robot+ application action plan** (`cn-robot-plus-2023`): Seventeen departments set up joint working groups, a supply and demand matching platform and benchmark scenarios to push robot use across manufacturing, agriculture, logistics, health and other sectors. | In force since 2023-01-19 | Robots | [^26] |
| 2023-03-07 | 🇯🇵 JP | Subsidy and programme | **JARE buys A$200 million of Lynas for heavy rare earths** (`jp-jare-lynas-hree-2023`): JARE added A$200 million of Lynas equity for capacity growth and the start of heavy rare earth separation, with a contract to supply Japan up to 65% of the dysprosium and terbium Lynas makes from Mt Weld. | In force since 2023-03-07 | Separation | [^27] |
| 2023-06-16 | 🇨🇳 CN | Subsidy and programme | **Beijing robot industry action plan 2023 to 2025** (`cn-beijing-robot-2023`): The Beijing government made humanoids a priority, backed a Beijing humanoid robot innovation centre and aimed for 100 high-value robot products and 100 replicable application scenarios by 2025. | Expired since 2025-12-31 | Actuators, Robots | [^28] |
| 2023-06-16 | 🇯🇵 JP | Subsidy and programme | **Grant for Harmonic Drive reducer capacity, later revoked** (`jp-espa-hds-reducers-2023`): METI approved Harmonic Drive Systems' plan to secure strain wave reducer supply for machine tools and robots in June 2023 and amended it in October 2024. The approval was revoked on 8 August 2025. | Expired since 2025-08-08 | Gearing | [^29][^30] |
| 2023-06-20 | 🇦🇺 AU | Subsidy and programme | **Critical Minerals Strategy 2023 to 2030** (`au-critical-minerals-strategy-2023`): Australia's framework to move from mining into processing, with six focus areas from project development to international partnerships and A$500 million targeted through the Northern Australia Infrastructure Facility. | In force since 2023-06-20 | Mining, Separation | [^31] |
| 2023-06-29 | EU | Standard and safety | **Machinery Regulation** (`eu-machinery-regulation-2023`): Regulation 2023/1230 replaces the Machinery Directive and sets the safety rules every robot and powered machine sold in the EU must meet, including AI-driven and autonomous mobile machinery. It applies from 20 January 2027. | Announced since 2023-06-29 | Actuators, Robots | [^32] |
| 2023-06-30 | 🇯🇵 JP | Subsidy and programme | **Grant for Yaskawa servo capacity** (`jp-espa-yaskawa-servo-2023`): METI approved Yaskawa Electric's supply-securing plan for servo mechanisms, the servo motors and amplifiers inside machine tools and robots, under the Economic Security Promotion Act. | In force since 2023-06-30 | Motors, Electronics | [^29][^30] |
| 2023-07-28 | 🇯🇵 JP | Subsidy and programme | **Grant for Nidec Drive Technology reducers** (`jp-espa-nidec-reducers-2023`): METI approved Nidec Drive Technology's plan to secure reducer supply for machine tools and industrial robots. | In force since 2023-07-28 | Gearing | [^29][^30] |
| 2023-08-25 | 🇯🇵 JP | Subsidy and programme | **First permanent magnet grant: Aichi Steel** (`jp-espa-aichi-magnets-2023`): The first supply-securing plan approved for permanent magnets under the Economic Security Promotion Act went to Aichi Steel. | In force since 2023-08-25 | Magnets | [^29][^33] |
| 2023-09 | 🇺🇸 US | Subsidy and programme | **DoD: e-VAC rare earth magnet plant** (`us-dod-evac-2023`): $94.1 million to E-VAC Magnetics, part of VAC Group, for equipment and production lines for rare earth permanent magnets, and domestic rare earth metal and alloy capacity. | In force since 2023-09 | Metal & alloy, Magnets | [^34] |
| 2023-10-26 | 🇨🇳 CN | Subsidy and programme | **Shanghai intelligent robot action plan 2023 to 2025** (`cn-shanghai-robot-2023`): Five Shanghai agencies targeted 10 leading robot brands, 100 benchmark scenarios and 100 billion yuan of related output by 2025, 20,000 new industrial robots in factories and a humanoid manufacturing innovation centre. | Expired since 2025-12-31 | Robots | [^35] |
| 2023-11-02 | 🇨🇳 CN | Subsidy and programme | **Guiding opinions on humanoid robots** (`cn-humanoid-opinions-2023`): MIIT targets an initial humanoid innovation system and secure supply of core components by 2025, and a safe, reliable supply chain by 2027, with work on the brain, cerebellum and limbs: arms, dexterous hands and legs. | In force since 2023-11-02 | Actuators, Robots | [^36] |
| 2023-12-21 | 🇨🇳 CN | Export control | **Rare earth processing and magnet technology on the export ban list** (`cn-tech-catalogue-2023`): The revised catalogue of technologies prohibited or restricted from export covers rare earth extraction and separation, rare earth metal and alloy production, and samarium-cobalt and NdFeB magnet preparation. It replaced the 2020 catalogue on the day it was issued. | In force since 2023-12-21 | Separation, Metal & alloy, Magnets | [^37][^38] |
| 2023-12-26 | 🇰🇷 KR | Subsidy and programme | **Framework Act on supply chain stabilisation** (`kr-supply-chain-act-2024`): Creates a supply chain committee, economic security items and a Supply Chain Stabilisation Fund at the Export-Import Bank of Korea that lends to companies securing critical inputs such as minerals. | In force since 2024-06-27 | Mining, Separation, Metal & alloy | [^39] |
| 2024-01-16 | 🇰🇷 KR | Subsidy and programme | **4th Intelligent Robot Basic Plan, 2024 to 2028** (`kr-robot-basic-plan-4`): MOTIE plans over 3 trillion won of public and private investment to 2030, eight core technologies including reducers, controllers, sensors and grippers, one million intelligent robots in use and over 80% local content in robot parts. | In force since 2024-01-16 | Gearing, Electronics, Actuators, Robots | [^40] |
| 2024-05-03 | EU | Subsidy and programme | **Critical Raw Materials Act** (`eu-crma-2024`): Regulation 2024/1252 lists strategic raw materials, rare earths for magnets among them, sets 2030 benchmarks for EU extraction, processing and recycling and a cap on reliance on one country, and gives strategic projects faster permits and funding access. | In force since 2024-05-23 | Mining, Separation, Metal & alloy, Magnets | [^41] |
| 2024-05-14 | 🇺🇸 US | Tariff and trade | **Section 301: 25% on Chinese permanent magnets from 2026** (`us-301-magnets-2026`): After its four-year review USTR raised the Section 301 rate on Chinese permanent magnets from 0% to 25% in 2026, declining requests to delay because supply outside China is limited. Natural graphite got the same increase. | In force since 2026-10-07 | Magnets | [^42][^43] |
| 2024-05-30 | 🇺🇸 US | Tariff and trade | **DFARS magnet rule extends to mine and refinery from 2027** (`us-dfars-magnets-2027`): Defense contracts may not use NdFeB or SmCo magnets from China, Russia, North Korea or Iran. From 1 January 2027 the ban reaches back to mining, refining and separation of the rare earths inside them. | Announced since 2024-05-30 | Mining, Separation, Metal & alloy, Magnets | [^44] |
| 2024-06-22 | 🇨🇳 CN | Export control | **Rare Earth Management Regulations** (`cn-ree-management-regs-2024`): State Council Decree 785 puts rare earth mining and separation under total quantity control, limits them to companies MIIT names, requires product tracing and ties imports and exports to the export control rules. | In force since 2024-10-01 | Mining, Separation, Metal & alloy | [^45] |
| 2024-09-30 | 🇨🇳 CN | Standard and safety | **MIIT humanoid and embodied AI standards committee** (`cn-humanoid-standards-tc`): MIIT proposed a humanoid robot standards committee in September 2024 and set it up in December 2025 to write industry standards for humanoid parts, whole robots, applications and safety, with its secretariat at the Chinese Institute of Electronics. | In force since 2025-12-26 | Actuators, Robots | [^46][^47] |
| 2024-10-19 | 🇨🇳 CN | Export control | **Dual-use items export control regulations** (`cn-dual-use-regs-2024`): Decree 792 sets the licensing system the later rare earth controls use: single licences up to one year, general licences up to three years, end-user commitments and penalties. It replaced four older control regulations. | In force since 2024-12-01 | Separation, Metal & alloy, Magnets | [^48] |
| 2025 | 🇺🇸 US | Standard and safety | **ANSI/A3 R15.06-2025 industrial robot safety** (`us-ansi-a3-r1506-2025`): The US national adoption of ISO 10218-1 and -2:2025, replacing R15.06-2012, with explicit functional safety requirements, end-effector rules and cybersecurity. | In force since 2025 | Actuators, Robots | [^49] |
| 2025-02 | INTL | Standard and safety | **ISO 10218-1 and -2:2025 industrial robot safety** (`iso-10218-2025`): Third edition: Part 1 treats the robot as partly completed machinery, Part 2 covers applications and cells. Adds Class I and II robots for functional safety, cybersecurity, and folds in the collaborative requirements from ISO/TS 15066. | In force since 2025-02 | Actuators, Robots | [^50][^51] |
| 2025-02-14 | 🇦🇺 AU | Subsidy and programme | **Critical Minerals Production Tax Incentive** (`au-cmpti-2027`): A refundable tax offset of 10% of eligible processing and refining costs for the 31 minerals on Australia's critical list, rare earths included, for income years from 1 July 2027 to 2040. | Announced since 2025-02-14 | Separation, Metal & alloy | [^52][^53] |
| 2025-03-03 | 🇨🇳 CN | Subsidy and programme | **Shenzhen embodied robot action plan 2025 to 2027** (`cn-shenzhen-embodied-2025`): Shenzhen targets ten robot firms valued over 10 billion yuan, 20 with revenue over one billion and 100 billion yuan of related output by 2027, funding core technology, test platforms and scenarios. Revised in June 2026. | In force since 2026-06-18 | Actuators, Robots | [^54] |
| 2025-03-20 | 🇺🇸 US | Subsidy and programme | **Executive Order 14241 on mineral production** (`us-eo-14241-minerals`): Delegates Defense Production Act section 303 funding to the Defense Secretary and DPA loan authority to the DFC for domestic mineral production, prioritises permits and plans a DFC and DoD mineral investment fund. | In force since 2025-03-20 | Mining, Separation, Metal & alloy | [^55] |
| 2025-03-25 | EU | Subsidy and programme | **First 47 CRMA strategic projects** (`eu-crma-projects-2025`): The Commission selected 47 strategic projects in 13 member states covering extraction, processing, recycling and substitution, including Carester's Caremag rare earth plant in France, with permits capped at 27 months for mines and 15 for processing. | In force since 2025-03-25 | Mining, Separation, Metal & alloy, Magnets | [^56] |
| 2025-04-02 | 🇺🇸 US | Tariff and trade | **IEEPA reciprocal tariffs** (`us-ieepa-reciprocal-2025`): Executive Order 14257 put a 10% baseline duty on imports from all partners and higher country rates, under emergency powers. On 20 February 2026 the Supreme Court held that IEEPA does not authorise tariffs, ending these duties. | Expired since 2026-02-20 | Magnets, Motors, Gearing, Actuators, Robots | [^57][^58] |
| 2025-04-04 | 🇨🇳 CN | Export control | **Licences for Sm, Gd, Tb, Dy, Lu, Sc and Y items** (`cn-mofcom-2025-18`): Exports of samarium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, lutetium, scandium and yttrium metals, alloys, oxides and compounds, and samarium-cobalt magnets, need a MOFCOM dual-use licence from the day of issue. These controls were never suspended. | In force since 2025-04-04 | Separation, Metal & alloy, Magnets | [^59][^60][^61] |
| 2025-04-04 | 🇨🇳 CN | Tariff and trade | **Retaliatory tariffs on all US goods** (`cn-tariff-us-2025`): China answered US reciprocal tariffs with an additional duty on every US-origin import: 34%, then 84% and 125% in April 2025, cut to 10% in May with 24% suspended. The 24% stays suspended for a year from 10 November 2025. | In force since 2025-11-10 | Motors, Actuators, Robots | [^62][^63] |
| 2025-04-10 | 🇰🇷 KR | Subsidy and programme | **K-Humanoid Alliance** (`kr-k-humanoid-2025`): MOTIE launched an alliance of about 40 companies, universities and institutes to make Korea a leading humanoid power by 2030, with over one trillion won of investment expected. | In force since 2025-04-10 | Actuators, Robots | [^64] |
| 2025-04-15 | 🇺🇸 US | Tariff and trade | **Section 232 on processed critical minerals and derivatives** (`us-232-critical-minerals`): Commerce found imports of processed critical minerals and derivatives, named to include permanent magnets and motors, threaten national security. The January 2026 proclamation ordered negotiations, aiming at price floors, instead of tariffs, with further action possible after 180 days. | Announced since 2026-01-14 | Separation, Metal & alloy, Magnets, Motors | [^65][^66] |
| 2025-04-30 | 🇯🇵 JP | Subsidy and programme | **Grant for Shin-Etsu magnet recycling** (`jp-espa-shinetsu-recycling-2025`): METI approved up to about ¥3.7 billion for Shin-Etsu Chemical to install equipment that recovers rare earth feedstock from scrap magnets, its second permanent magnet plan after April 2024. | In force since 2025-04-30 | Separation, Magnets | [^67][^29] |
| 2025-06-04 | EU | Subsidy and programme | **13 CRMA strategic projects outside the EU** (`eu-crma-third-countries-2025`): The Commission recognised 13 strategic projects in third countries and overseas territories, seven of them in strategic partner countries, needing about €5.5 billion of investment to start operating. | In force since 2025-06-04 | Mining, Separation | [^68] |
| 2025-07-10 | 🇺🇸 US | Subsidy and programme | **DoD and MP Materials: equity, NdPr price floor, magnet offtake** (`us-dod-mp-partnership-2025`): The Defense Department bought $400 million of MP Materials preferred stock, set a 10-year $110/kg floor under its NdPr from October 2025, committed a $150 million loan for heavy rare earth separation and guaranteed purchase of all magnets from a new plant for 10 years. | In force since 2026-04 | Separation, Metal & alloy, Magnets | [^69][^70][^71] |
| 2025-08-22 | 🇨🇳 CN | Export control | **Interim measures on rare earth output quotas** (`cn-ree-total-control-2025`): Three ministries set yearly total control targets for rare earth mining and separation, approved by the State Council and split among named companies, with monthly reporting and tracing of product flows. Replaces the 2012 directive plan. | In force since 2025-08-22 | Mining, Separation | [^72] |
| 2025-09-02 | 🇺🇸 US | Tariff and trade | **Section 232 investigation of robots and industrial machinery** (`us-232-robotics-2025`): Commerce opened a national security investigation into imports of robots, programmable computer-controlled mechanical systems, machine tools and their parts and components, which could lead to tariffs or quotas. No action had been announced by October 2026. | Announced since 2025-09-02 | Motors, Gearing, Actuators, Robots | [^73] |
| 2025-10-09 | 🇨🇳 CN | Export control | **Controls on rare earth equipment and raw materials** (`cn-mofcom-2025-56`): Licences for exports of rare earth processing equipment, including extraction and sintering furnaces, jet mills, presses and grain boundary diffusion kit for magnets, and of bastnaesite, monazite, ion-adsorption ore and extractants such as P507. | Suspended since 2026-04-09 | Mining, Separation, Metal & alloy, Magnets | [^74][^75] |
| 2025-10-09 | 🇨🇳 CN | Export control | **Licences for Ho, Er, Tm, Eu and Yb items** (`cn-mofcom-2025-57`): Extended licensing to holmium, erbium, thulium, europium and ytterbium metals, alloys, oxides, compounds and some magnet, laser and phosphor materials, from 8 November 2025. Suspended before it took effect until 10 November 2026; the April 2025 controls stay. | Suspended since 2026-04-09 | Separation, Metal & alloy, Magnets | [^76][^77][^78] |
| 2025-10-09 | 🇨🇳 CN | Export control | **Licences for foreign goods with Chinese rare earths** (`cn-mofcom-2025-61`): Foreign companies would need a Chinese licence to re-export listed rare earth items, and products such as magnets made abroad with Chinese-origin rare earths worth 0.1% or more of their value. Suspended in November 2025. | Suspended since 2026-04-09 | Magnets, Motors, Actuators, Robots | [^79][^75] |
| 2025-10-09 | 🇨🇳 CN | Export control | **Controls on rare earth technologies** (`cn-mofcom-2025-62`): Licences for transferring rare earth mining, separation, metal smelting, recycling and SmCo, NdFeB and cerium magnet-making technology abroad, including line assembly and maintenance know-how, by licence, investment or consulting. Suspended in November 2025. | Suspended since 2026-04-09 | Mining, Separation, Metal & alloy, Magnets | [^80][^75] |
| 2025-10-20 | 🇦🇺 AU | Subsidy and programme | **Australia and US critical minerals framework** (`au-us-framework-2025`): Each government committed at least US$1 billion within six months to a US$8.5 billion pipeline of mining and processing projects, Arafura's Nolans rare earth project among the first, plus a joint group on supply gaps. | In force since 2025-10-20 | Mining, Separation | [^81][^82] |
| 2025-10-28 | 🇯🇵 JP | Subsidy and programme | **Japan and US critical minerals framework** (`jp-us-minerals-framework-2025`): Japan and the US agreed to coordinate financing, permitting, stockpiling and recycling of critical minerals and rare earths, with a rapid-response group to find supply gaps and screening of asset sales. Not legally binding. | In force since 2025-10-28 | Mining, Separation, Metal & alloy, Magnets | [^83] |
| 2025-11-21 | 🇺🇸 US | Subsidy and programme | **OSC loan to Vulcan Elements for magnets** (`us-osc-vulcan-2025`): The Office of Strategic Capital offered a conditional $620 million loan to Vulcan Elements, alongside $80 million to ReElement, for rare earth separation, metal and NdFeB magnet making; Commerce added a $50 million CHIPS letter of intent. | Announced since 2025-11-21 | Separation, Metal & alloy, Magnets | [^84][^85] |
| 2025-12-03 | EU | Export control | **Planned limits on exporting magnet scrap** (`eu-magnet-scrap-export-2026`): RESourceEU commits the Commission to propose restrictions on exporting permanent magnet scraps and waste, after an assessment, to keep rare earth feedstock in Europe. No proposal had been published by October 2026. | Announced since 2025-12-03 | Magnets | [^86] |
| 2025-12-03 | EU | Subsidy and programme | **RESourceEU action plan** (`eu-resourceeu-2025`): Up to €3 billion over 12 months for projects that can supply critical raw materials soon, a European Critical Raw Materials Centre for joint purchasing and stockpiling, and a first matchmaking round on rare earth magnets. Aims to cut single-supplier reliance by up to 50% by 2029. | In force since 2025-12-03 | Separation, Metal & alloy, Magnets | [^87][^86] |
| 2026-01 | 🇦🇺 AU | Subsidy and programme | **Critical Minerals Strategic Reserve** (`au-strategic-reserve-2026`): A$1.2 billion reserve that buys rights to Australian output of rare earths, gallium and antimony and resells it. Enabling law passed in March 2026; its first rare earth commitment, 500 t from Arafura's Nolans project, helped that project reach a final investment decision. | In force since 2026-05-21 | Mining, Separation | [^88][^89] |
| 2026-02-05 | 🇰🇷 KR | Subsidy and programme | **Rare earth supply plan: all 17 rare earths made critical** (`kr-ree-plan-2026`): Korea's rare earth plan raised overseas resource development loans from 39 to 67.5 billion won with 70% coverage and proposed naming all 17 rare earths critical minerals. In September 2026 the critical list grew from 38 to 51. | In force since 2026-09-23 | Mining, Separation, Metal & alloy | [^90][^91] |
| 2026-02-20 | 🇺🇸 US | Tariff and trade | **Section 122 temporary import surcharge** (`us-section-122-2026`): After the IEEPA ruling a 10% surcharge on most imports for the 150 days the statute allows, from 24 February to 24 July 2026. Certain critical minerals were excluded. | Expired since 2026-07-24 | Motors, Gearing, Actuators, Robots | [^92] |
| 2026-05-19 | 🇯🇵 JP | Subsidy and programme | **Grant for Shin-Etsu rare earth refining in Japan** (`jp-espa-shinetsu-refining-2026`): The first critical minerals plan of 2026: about ¥17.5 billion for Shin-Etsu Chemical to build new rare earth refining equipment in Japan. | In force since 2026-05-19 | Separation, Metal & alloy | [^93] |
| 2026-08-07 | 🇺🇸 US | Subsidy and programme | **OSC loan to Niron for rare-earth-free magnets** (`us-osc-niron-2026`): A conditional loan of up to $150 million from the Office of Strategic Capital toward Niron Magnetics' iron nitride magnet plant in Sartell, Minnesota. | Announced since 2026-08-07 | Magnets | [^94] |
| 2026-10 | INTL | Standard and safety | **ISO 25785-1 dynamically stable mobile robots (legged)** (`iso-25785-1`): The first ISO safety standard written for robots that must actively balance and can fall without power: bipeds, quadrupeds and wheeled balancers in industry. Part 2 will cover their integration. | Draft since 2026-10 | Actuators, Robots | [^95] |
| 2026-10 | INTL | Standard and safety | **ISO 13482 second edition: service robots** (`iso-fdis-13482`): Retitled Safety requirements for service robots, the revision widens ISO 13482 from personal care to service robots in personal and professional use. Listed as a final draft in the approval stage. | Draft since 2026-10 | Actuators, Robots | [^96] |
| 2026-10-09 | EU | Subsidy and programme | **46 more CRMA strategic projects, four for magnet rare earths** (`eu-crma-projects-2026`): The second selection round added 46 projects, four on rare earths for the permanent magnet chain: Rhodia's BREES separation expansion in France, HyProMag GmbH recycling in Germany, Neo's Silmet 2.0 in Estonia and the Sokli mine in Finland. | In force since 2026-10-09 | Mining, Separation, Metal & alloy, Magnets | [^97][^98] |

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