---
title: "United States: actuator supply chain"
description: "The US mines about an eighth of the world's rare earths and is rebuilding separation and magnet plants with federal money, while most leading humanoid makers build their robots here. A map of 70 companies' headquarters and plants across rare earths, magnets and motors, gears and bearings, and robot makers, with supply links and sources."
canonical: https://actuatorlist.com/us
last-updated: 2026-11-11T13:40:47.000Z
---
# United States: actuator supply chain

The US mines about an eighth of the world's rare earths and is rebuilding separation and magnet plants with federal money, while most leading humanoid makers build their robots here. 70 companies, 109 sites and 80 current links (44 supply, the rest investment or partnership), as of November 2026. Interactive map: https://actuatorlist.com/us. JSON: https://actuatorlist.com/api/v1/countries/US. MCP: get_country("US").

Companies are those headquartered in United States or with a site there; a foreign owner keeps its own country in the HQ column. Revenue is the latest fiscal year converted from local currency (estimate, "~"); gross margin is gross profit over net sales.

## Share of each stage

| Stage | United States's share | Share of | World leader |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Mining | 13%[^1] (model, 2025) | world rare earth mine output | 🇨🇳 CN 69%[^1] |
| Separation | no public split[^2][^3] | world refined rare earth output | 🇨🇳 CN 91%[^4] |
| Magnets | no public split[^4][^5] | world sintered permanent magnet output | 🇨🇳 CN 94%[^4] |
| Robots | no public split[^6][^7] | world humanoid robot output | - |

- Separation: MP Materials separates NdPr at Mountain Pass and Energy Fuels at the White Mesa Mill, which began heavy rare earth output in 2026; no source gives the US share of world refining.
- Magnets: MP Materials, Noveon, e-VAC and USA Rare Earth now make sintered magnets in the US; the IEA puts everyone outside China at about 6% of world output and does not split out the US.
- Robots: Tesla, Figure, Agility, Apptronik, 1X and Boston Dynamics build humanoids in the US, with announced lines from 10,000 to a million robots a year; none publishes output that would give a US share.

## Policies

- [Section 301 List 1: 25% on Chinese robots and motors](https://actuatorlist.com/policy#measure=us-301-list-1-2018): tariff and trade, in force
- [Section 301: 25% on Chinese permanent magnets from 2026](https://actuatorlist.com/policy#measure=us-301-magnets-2026): tariff and trade, in force
- [OSC loan to Niron for rare-earth-free magnets](https://actuatorlist.com/policy#measure=us-osc-niron-2026): subsidy and programme, announced
- [Section 122 temporary import surcharge](https://actuatorlist.com/policy#measure=us-section-122-2026): tariff and trade, expired
- [DoD and MP Materials: equity, NdPr price floor, magnet offtake](https://actuatorlist.com/policy#measure=us-dod-mp-partnership-2025): subsidy and programme, in force
- [IEEPA reciprocal tariffs](https://actuatorlist.com/policy#measure=us-ieepa-reciprocal-2025): tariff and trade, expired
- [Section 232 on processed critical minerals and derivatives](https://actuatorlist.com/policy#measure=us-232-critical-minerals): tariff and trade, announced
- [OSC loan to Vulcan Elements for magnets](https://actuatorlist.com/policy#measure=us-osc-vulcan-2025): subsidy and programme, announced
- [Section 232 investigation of robots and industrial machinery](https://actuatorlist.com/policy#measure=us-232-robotics-2025): tariff and trade, announced
- [Executive Order 14241 on mineral production](https://actuatorlist.com/policy#measure=us-eo-14241-minerals): subsidy and programme, in force
- [ANSI/A3 R15.06-2025 industrial robot safety](https://actuatorlist.com/policy#measure=us-ansi-a3-r1506-2025): standard and safety, in force
- [45X production credit for critical minerals](https://actuatorlist.com/policy#measure=us-45x-critical-minerals): subsidy and programme, in force
- [DFARS magnet rule extends to mine and refinery from 2027](https://actuatorlist.com/policy#measure=us-dfars-magnets-2027): tariff and trade, announced
- [DoD: e-VAC rare earth magnet plant](https://actuatorlist.com/policy#measure=us-dod-evac-2023): subsidy and programme, in force
- [DoD: Lynas heavy rare earth separation in Texas](https://actuatorlist.com/policy#measure=us-dod-lynas-hree-2022): subsidy and programme, in force
- [DoD: MP Materials heavy rare earth separation](https://actuatorlist.com/policy#measure=us-dod-mp-hree-2022): subsidy and programme, in force
- [DPA Title III: Lynas light rare earth plant in Texas](https://actuatorlist.com/policy#measure=us-dpa-lynas-2021): subsidy and programme, in force
- [DPA Title III: MP Materials light rare earth separation](https://actuatorlist.com/policy#measure=us-dpa-mp-2020): subsidy and programme, in force

All measures with their status history: https://actuatorlist.com/policy.

## Clusters

- **Texas magnets and humanoids** (6 sites): MP Materials' Fort Worth and Northlake magnet plants, Noveon in San Marcos, and Tesla's Optimus factory and Apptronik in Austin. MP Materials, Tesla, Noveon Magnetics, Apptronik.
- **Bay Area humanoids** (13 sites): Figure's BotQ, Tesla's Fremont Optimus line, 1X in Hayward and Intuitive in Sunnyvale, with motor start-ups and Omron nearby. Bear Robotics, Figure AI, Turntide Technologies, Conifer, Westmag, Foundation, Hello Robot, OMRON, Toyota Motor, Tesla, 1X Technologies, Intuitive Surgical.
- **Boston robotics** (7 sites): Boston Dynamics, Harmonic Drive LLC, Teradyne, Toyota Research Institute and Phoenix Tailings' rare earth metal plants. Boston Dynamics, Harmonic Drive Systems, Barrett Technology, Teradyne, Toyota Motor, Phoenix Tailings.
- **Detroit robot belt** (9 sites): The North American bases of FANUC, ABB, KUKA, Kawasaki, Nabtesco and NSK, and Universal Robots' new Wixom hub. General Motors, Nabtesco, NSK, FANUC, KUKA, Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Teradyne, ABB Robotics.
- **Carolinas magnets** (10 sites): e-VAC's Sumter magnet plant, Vulcan's Benson factory, Schaeffler and Kaydon bearing plants and BMW Spartanburg. Vulcan Elements, Schaeffler, Cyclic Materials, VACUUMSCHMELZE (VAC), SKF, BMW Group.
- **Southwest rare earths** (5 sites): The Mountain Pass mine and separation plant, the White Mesa Mill in Utah and Cyclic Materials' recycling plant in Mesa. MP Materials, Energy Fuels, Cyclic Materials.

## Sites by state

Each link opens the map zoomed to that state.

- [Arizona](https://actuatorlist.com/us?region=AZ) (1 site): Cyclic Materials
- [Arkansas](https://actuatorlist.com/us?region=AR) (1 site): ABB Robotics
- [California](https://actuatorlist.com/us?region=CA) (17 sites): MP Materials, Bear Robotics, Figure AI, Turntide Technologies, Conifer, Westmag, Atlas Motion, Foundation, Hello Robot, Seiko Epson, OMRON, Toyota Motor, Allient, Tesla, 1X Technologies, Intuitive Surgical
- [Colorado](https://actuatorlist.com/us?region=CO) (2 sites): Artimus Robotics, Energy Fuels
- [Connecticut](https://actuatorlist.com/us?region=CT) (1 site): RBC Bearings
- [Florida](https://actuatorlist.com/us?region=FL) (1 site): Jabil
- [Georgia](https://actuatorlist.com/us?region=GA) (3 sites): Hyundai Motor, Boston Dynamics, Intuitive Surgical
- [Illinois](https://actuatorlist.com/us?region=IL) (4 sites): THK, Yaskawa Electric, Arnold Magnetic Technologies
- [Indiana](https://actuatorlist.com/us?region=IN) (5 sites): ReElement Technologies, NSK, Allison Transmission
- [Louisiana](https://actuatorlist.com/us?region=LA) (2 sites): Ucore Rare Metals, Aclara Resources
- [Massachusetts](https://actuatorlist.com/us?region=MA) (6 sites): Boston Dynamics, Harmonic Drive Systems, Barrett Technology, Teradyne, Toyota Motor, Phoenix Tailings
- [Michigan](https://actuatorlist.com/us?region=MI) (11 sites): General Motors, Nabtesco, NSK, FANUC, KUKA, Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Timken, SKF, Teradyne, ABB Robotics
- [Minnesota](https://actuatorlist.com/us?region=MN) (3 sites): Niron Magnetics, Curtiss-Wright
- [Missouri](https://actuatorlist.com/us?region=MO) (1 site): Nidec
- [Nebraska](https://actuatorlist.com/us?region=NE) (2 sites): NioCorp Developments, Arnold Magnetic Technologies
- [Nevada](https://actuatorlist.com/us?region=NV) (1 site): MP Materials
- [New Hampshire](https://actuatorlist.com/us?region=NH) (1 site): Phoenix Tailings
- [New York](https://actuatorlist.com/us?region=NY) (3 sites): Arnold Magnetic Technologies, Allient, Moog
- [North Carolina](https://actuatorlist.com/us?region=NC) (2 sites): Vulcan Elements
- [Ohio](https://actuatorlist.com/us?region=OH) (3 sites): Timken, Arnold Magnetic Technologies, Regal Rexnord
- [Oklahoma](https://actuatorlist.com/us?region=OK) (1 site): USA Rare Earth
- [Oregon](https://actuatorlist.com/us?region=OR) (1 site): Agility Robotics
- [Pennsylvania](https://actuatorlist.com/us?region=PA) (3 sites): ONExia, Electron Energy Corporation, Ghost Robotics
- [South Carolina](https://actuatorlist.com/us?region=SC) (8 sites): Schaeffler, Cyclic Materials, VACUUMSCHMELZE (VAC), SKF, BMW Group
- [Tennessee](https://actuatorlist.com/us?region=TN) (1 site): Korea Zinc
- [Texas](https://actuatorlist.com/us?region=TX) (11 sites): MP Materials, Tesla, Noveon Magnetics, Texas Mineral Resources, Apptronik, Persona AI, USA Rare Earth, Lynas Rare Earths, Sumitomo Heavy Industries
- [Utah](https://actuatorlist.com/us?region=UT) (3 sites): Palladyne AI, Energy Fuels
- [Virginia](https://actuatorlist.com/us?region=VA) (4 sites): Regal Rexnord, Moog, Sumitomo Heavy Industries
- [Wisconsin](https://actuatorlist.com/us?region=WI) (3 sites): Regal Rexnord, Rockwell Automation, Yaskawa Electric
- [Wyoming](https://actuatorlist.com/us?region=WY) (4 sites): Ramaco Resources, American Rare Earths, Rare Element Resources

## Companies

| Company | Segment | HQ | Sites in United States | Revenue (USD) | Gross margin | Listing |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **MP Materials** (`mp-materials`) | Rare earth mining & refining | 🇺🇸 US | 4 | $224.4M[^8] | - | NYSE: MP |
| **Nidec** (`nidec`) ニデック | Magnets & motors | 🇯🇵 JP | 1 | ~$17.5-18.7B[^9] (estimate, 2026-03) | - | TYO: 6594 |
| **Harmonic Drive Systems** (`harmonic-drive-systems`) ハーモニック・ドライブ・システムズ | Gears, screws & bearings | 🇯🇵 JP | 1 | ~$384.2-410.7M[^10] (estimate, 2026-03) | 30%[^10] (model, 2026-03) | TYO: 6324 |
| **Nabtesco** (`nabtesco`) ナブテスコ | Gears, screws & bearings | 🇯🇵 JP | 1 | ~$1.99-2.12B[^11] (estimate, 2025-12) | 31%[^11] (model, 2025-12) | TYO: 6268 |
| **Timken** (`timken`) | Gears, screws & bearings | 🇺🇸 US | 2 | $4.58B[^12] | - | NYSE: TKR |
| **Tesla** (`tesla`) | Robot & actuator makers | 🇺🇸 US | 3 | - | - | NASDAQ: TSLA |
| **Boston Dynamics** (`boston-dynamics`) | Robot & actuator makers | 🇺🇸 US | 2 | - | - | subsidiary |
| **FANUC** (`fanuc`) ファナック | Robot & actuator makers | 🇯🇵 JP | 2 | ~$5.53-5.92B[^13] (estimate, 2026-03) | 38%[^14] (model, 2026-03) | TYO: 6954 |
| **Yaskawa Electric** (`yaskawa`) 安川電機 | Robot & actuator makers | 🇯🇵 JP | 2 | ~$3.5-3.74B[^15] (estimate, 2026-02) | 35%[^16] (model, 2026-02) | TYO: 6506 |
| **Lynas Rare Earths** (`lynas`) | Rare earth mining & refining | 🇦🇺 AU | 1 | - | - | ASX: LYC |
| **Noveon Magnetics** (`noveon-magnetics`) | Magnets & motors | 🇺🇸 US | 1 | - | - | private |
| **Sumitomo Heavy Industries** (`sumitomo-heavy`) 住友重機械工業 | Gears, screws & bearings | 🇯🇵 JP | 2 | - | - | TYO: 6302 |
| **THK** (`thk`) | Gears, screws & bearings | 🇯🇵 JP | 1 | ~$1.55-1.66B[^17] (estimate, 2025-12) | 29%[^18] (model, 2025-12) | TYO: 6481 |
| **NSK** (`nsk`) 日本精工 | Gears, screws & bearings | 🇯🇵 JP | 2 | ~$5.88-6.29B[^19] (estimate, 2026-03) | 21%[^20][^19] (model, 2026-03) | TYO: 6471 |
| **Kawasaki Heavy Industries** (`kawasaki-heavy`) 川崎重工業 | Robot & actuator makers | 🇯🇵 JP | 1 | - | - | TYO: 7012 |
| **Seiko Epson** (`seiko-epson`) セイコーエプソン | Robot & actuator makers | 🇯🇵 JP | 1 | - | - | TYO: 6724 |
| **Toyota Motor** (`toyota-motor`) トヨタ自動車 | Robot & actuator makers | 🇯🇵 JP | 2 | - | - | TYO: 7203 |
| **OMRON** (`omron`) オムロン | Robot & actuator makers | 🇯🇵 JP | 1 | - | - | TYO: 6645 |
| **KUKA** (`kuka`) | Robot & actuator makers | 🇩🇪 DE | 1 | - | - | subsidiary |
| **ABB Robotics** (`abb`) | Robot & actuator makers | 🇨🇭 CH | 2 | - | - | subsidiary |
| **Korea Zinc** (`korea-zinc`) 고려아연 | Rare earth mining & refining | 🇰🇷 KR | 1 | - | - | KRX: 010130 |
| **ReElement Technologies** (`reelement`) | Rare earth mining & refining | 🇺🇸 US | 3 | - | - | subsidiary |
| **Schaeffler** (`schaeffler`) | Gears, screws & bearings | 🇩🇪 DE | 4 | - | - | ETR: SHA0 |
| **Hyundai Motor** (`hyundai-motor`) 현대자동차 | Robot & actuator makers | 🇰🇷 KR | 1 | - | - | KRX: 005380 |
| **Bear Robotics** (`bear-robotics`) | Robot & actuator makers | 🇺🇸 US | 1 | - | - | subsidiary |
| **ONExia** (`onexia`) | Robot & actuator makers | 🇺🇸 US | 1 | - | - | subsidiary |
| **VACUUMSCHMELZE (VAC)** (`vac`) | Magnets & motors | 🇩🇪 DE | 1 | - | - | - |
| **Figure AI** (`figure`) | Robot & actuator makers | 🇺🇸 US | 2 | - | - | private |
| **BMW Group** (`bmw-group`) | Magnets & motors | 🇩🇪 DE | 1 | - | - | ETR: BMW |
| **Turntide Technologies** (`turntide`) | Magnets & motors | 🇺🇸 US | 1 | - | - | private |
| **Conifer** (`conifer`) | Magnets & motors | 🇺🇸 US | 1 | - | - | private |
| **Niron Magnetics** (`niron-magnetics`) | Magnets & motors | 🇺🇸 US | 2 | - | - | private |
| **Artimus Robotics** (`artimus-robotics`) | Robot & actuator makers | 🇺🇸 US | 1 | - | - | private |
| **Barrett Technology** (`barrett-technology`) | Robot & actuator makers | 🇺🇸 US | 1 | - | - | private |
| **Energy Fuels** (`energy-fuels`) | Rare earth mining & refining | 🇺🇸 US | 3 | $65.9M[^21] | - | NYSE American: UUUU |
| **Phoenix Tailings** (`phoenix-tailings`) | Rare earth mining & refining | 🇺🇸 US | 2 | - | - | private |
| **Ramaco Resources** (`ramaco`) | Rare earth mining & refining | 🇺🇸 US | 2 | - | - | NASDAQ: METC |
| **NioCorp Developments** (`niocorp`) | Rare earth mining & refining | 🇺🇸 US | 1 | - | - | NASDAQ: NB |
| **Rare Element Resources** (`rare-element-resources`) | Rare earth mining & refining | 🇺🇸 US | 1 | - | - | OTCQB: REEMF |
| **Texas Mineral Resources** (`texas-mineral-resources`) | Rare earth mining & refining | 🇺🇸 US | 1 | - | - | OTCQB: TMRC |
| **Ucore Rare Metals** (`ucore`) | Rare earth mining & refining | 🇨🇦 CA | 1 | - | - | TSXV: UCU |
| **Aclara Resources** (`aclara-resources`) | Rare earth mining & refining | 🇨🇦 CA | 1 | - | - | TSX: ARA |
| **American Rare Earths** (`american-rare-earths`) | Rare earth mining & refining | 🇦🇺 AU | 1 | - | - | ASX: ARR |
| **Cyclic Materials** (`cyclic-materials`) | Rare earth mining & refining | 🇨🇦 CA | 2 | - | - | private |
| **USA Rare Earth** (`usa-rare-earth`) | Magnets & motors | 🇺🇸 US | 2 | - | - | NASDAQ: USAR |
| **Vulcan Elements** (`vulcan-elements`) | Magnets & motors | 🇺🇸 US | 2 | - | - | private |
| **Arnold Magnetic Technologies** (`arnold-magnetic`) | Magnets & motors | 🇺🇸 US | 5 | - | - | private |
| **Electron Energy Corporation** (`electron-energy`) | Magnets & motors | 🇺🇸 US | 1 | - | - | subsidiary |
| **Regal Rexnord** (`regal-rexnord`) | Magnets & motors | 🇺🇸 US | 4 | $5.93B[^22] | - | NYSE: RRX |
| **Allient** (`allient`) | Magnets & motors | 🇺🇸 US | 2 | - | - | NASDAQ: ALNT |
| **General Motors** (`general-motors`) | Magnets & motors | 🇺🇸 US | 1 | - | - | NYSE: GM |
| **Westmag** (`westmag`) | Magnets & motors | 🇺🇸 US | 1 | - | - | private |
| **Atlas Motion** (`atlas-motion`) | Magnets & motors | 🇺🇸 US | 1 | - | - | private |
| **RBC Bearings** (`rbc-bearings`) | Gears, screws & bearings | 🇺🇸 US | 1 | $1.87B[^23] | 44%[^23] | NYSE: RBC |
| **Moog** (`moog`) | Gears, screws & bearings | 🇺🇸 US | 2 | $3.86B[^24] | - | NYSE: MOG.A |
| **Curtiss-Wright** (`curtiss-wright`) | Gears, screws & bearings | 🇺🇸 US | 1 | - | - | NYSE: CW |
| **Allison Transmission** (`allison-transmission`) | Gears, screws & bearings | 🇺🇸 US | 1 | - | - | NYSE: ALSN |
| **SKF** (`skf`) | Gears, screws & bearings | 🇸🇪 SE | 2 | - | - | Nasdaq Stockholm: SKF B |
| **Agility Robotics** (`agility`) | Robot & actuator makers | 🇺🇸 US | 1 | - | - | private |
| **Apptronik** (`apptronik`) | Robot & actuator makers | 🇺🇸 US | 1 | - | - | private |
| **1X Technologies** (`1x`) | Robot & actuator makers | 🇳🇴 NO | 1 | - | - | private |
| **Persona AI** (`persona-ai`) | Robot & actuator makers | 🇺🇸 US | 1 | - | - | private |
| **Foundation** (`foundation`) | Robot & actuator makers | 🇺🇸 US | 1 | - | - | private |
| **Hello Robot** (`hello-robot`) | Robot & actuator makers | 🇺🇸 US | 1 | - | - | private |
| **Palladyne AI** (`palladyne-ai`) | Robot & actuator makers | 🇺🇸 US | 1 | - | - | NASDAQ: PDYN |
| **Intuitive Surgical** (`intuitive`) | Robot & actuator makers | 🇺🇸 US | 2 | $10.1B[^25] | - | NASDAQ: ISRG |
| **Rockwell Automation** (`rockwell`) | Robot & actuator makers | 🇺🇸 US | 1 | - | - | NYSE: ROK |
| **Teradyne** (`teradyne`) | Robot & actuator makers | 🇺🇸 US | 2 | $3.19B[^26] | - | NASDAQ: TER |
| **Jabil** (`jabil`) | Robot & actuator makers | 🇺🇸 US | 1 | - | - | NYSE: JBL |
| **Ghost Robotics** (`ghost-robotics`) | Robot & actuator makers | 🇺🇸 US | 1 | - | - | subsidiary |

## Sites

Pins marked "city" are the city centre, "region" the state; "site" is the plant itself.

| Site | Company | State | Kind | Makes | Status | Lat, lon (pin) | Source |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Mountain Pass mine and separation plant | MP Materials | California | mine | Rare earth concentrate, NdPr oxide | operating | 35.479, -115.533 (site) | [^2][^1] |
| Independence magnet plant | MP Materials | Texas | plant | NdPr metal, NdFeB magnets | operating | 32.755, -97.331 (city) | [^2] |
| MP Materials headquarters | MP Materials | Nevada | hq | - | operating | 36.170, -115.140 (city) | [^2] |
| Timken headquarters | Timken | Ohio | hq | - | operating | 40.880, -81.400 (city) | [^27] |
| Tesla headquarters, Gigafactory Texas | Tesla | Texas | hq | - | operating | 30.220, -97.620 (city) | [^28] |
| Boston Dynamics headquarters | Boston Dynamics | Massachusetts | hq | - | operating | 42.380, -71.240 (city) | [^29] |
| Harmonic Drive LLC, Beverly | Harmonic Drive Systems | Massachusetts | plant | Strain wave gears, Servo actuators | operating | 42.558, -70.880 (city) | [^30] |
| Noveon Magnetics headquarters and magnet plant | Noveon Magnetics | Texas | plant | Sintered NdFeB magnets | operating | 29.883, -97.941 (city) | [^31] |
| Crucible Zinc smelter, Clarksville | Korea Zinc | Tennessee | plant | Zinc and critical metals, Rare earths (planned) | construction | 36.530, -87.360 (city) | [^32][^33] |
| Hyundai Motor Group Metaplant America | Hyundai Motor | Georgia | plant | Vehicles, Atlas humanoid deployment from 2028 (planned) | operating | 32.130, -81.470 (region) | [^34][^35] |
| Noblesville refinery | ReElement Technologies | Indiana | refinery | Separated rare earth oxides | operating | 40.050, -86.010 (city) | [^36] |
| Bear Robotics headquarters | Bear Robotics | California | hq | - | operating | 37.485, -122.236 (city) | [^37] |
| ONExia headquarters | ONExia | Pennsylvania | hq | - | operating | 40.030, -75.620 (city) | [^38] |
| Figure AI headquarters | Figure AI | California | hq | - | operating | 37.340, -121.890 (city) | [^39] |
| Turntide Technologies, California | Turntide Technologies | California | hq | - | operating | 37.370, -122.040 (region) | [^40] |
| Conifer, Silicon Valley | Conifer | California | hq | - | operating | 37.370, -121.970 (region) | [^41] |
| Niron Magnetics commercial pilot plant | Niron Magnetics | Minnesota | plant | Iron nitride magnets | operating | 44.980, -93.270 (city) | [^42][^43] |
| Niron Magnetics Sartell plant | Niron Magnetics | Minnesota | plant | Iron nitride magnets | construction | 45.620, -94.210 (city) | [^43][^44] |
| Artimus Robotics, Colorado | Artimus Robotics | Colorado | hq | - | operating | 40.010, -105.270 (region) | [^45] |
| Barrett Technology headquarters | Barrett Technology | Massachusetts | hq | - | operating | 42.340, -71.210 (city) | [^46] |
| Energy Fuels headquarters | Energy Fuels | Colorado | hq | - | operating | 39.705, -105.081 (city) | [^47] |
| ReElement Technologies headquarters | ReElement Technologies | Indiana | hq | - | operating | 39.956, -86.014 (city) | [^48] |
| Texas Mineral Resources headquarters | Texas Mineral Resources | Texas | hq | - | operating | 31.174, -105.357 (city) | [^49] |
| Vulcan Elements headquarters | Vulcan Elements | North Carolina | hq | - | operating | 35.994, -78.899 (city) | [^50] |
| Arnold headquarters and SmCo works | Arnold Magnetic Technologies | New York | hq | Samarium cobalt magnets, Magnet assemblies | operating | 43.157, -77.615 (city) | [^51][^52] |
| Regal Rexnord headquarters | Regal Rexnord | Wisconsin | hq | - | operating | 43.039, -87.906 (city) | [^53] |
| Allient headquarters and plant | Allient | New York | hq | Motion control products | operating | 42.978, -78.800 (city) | [^54] |
| General Motors headquarters (Hudson's Detroit) | General Motors | Michigan | hq | - | operating | 42.331, -83.046 (city) | [^55] |
| Nidec Motor Corporation headquarters | Nidec | Missouri | hq | - | operating | 38.627, -90.199 (city) | [^56] |
| Westmag headquarters | Westmag | California | hq | - | operating | 37.654, -122.408 (city) | [^57] |
| Atlas Motion headquarters | Atlas Motion | California | hq | - | operating | 33.770, -118.194 (city) | [^58] |
| RBC Bearings headquarters | RBC Bearings | Connecticut | hq | - | operating | 41.434, -73.117 (city) | [^59] |
| Moog headquarters | Moog | New York | hq | - | operating | 42.768, -78.613 (city) | [^24] |
| Schaeffler Group USA headquarters | Schaeffler | South Carolina | hq | - | operating | 35.007, -80.945 (city) | [^60] |
| Nabtesco Motion Control (North America) | Nabtesco | Michigan | hq | - | operating | 42.485, -83.377 (city) | [^61] |
| NSK Americas headquarters | NSK | Michigan | hq | - | operating | 42.281, -83.743 (city) | [^62] |
| THK America headquarters | THK | Illinois | hq | - | operating | 42.033, -88.083 (city) | [^63] |
| Thomson Industries headquarters | Regal Rexnord | Virginia | hq | - | operating | 37.132, -80.576 (city) | [^64] |
| Figure BotQ factory | Figure AI | California | plant | Humanoid robots | operating | 37.338, -121.886 (city) | [^6][^65] |
| Apptronik headquarters | Apptronik | Texas | hq | - | operating | 30.267, -97.743 (city) | [^66] |
| Persona AI headquarters | Persona AI | Texas | hq | - | operating | 29.760, -95.370 (city) | [^67] |
| Foundation headquarters | Foundation | California | hq | - | operating | 37.775, -122.419 (city) | [^68] |
| Hello Robot headquarters and assembly | Hello Robot | California | hq | Stretch robots | operating | 38.019, -122.134 (city) | [^69] |
| Palladyne AI headquarters | Palladyne AI | Utah | hq | - | operating | 40.761, -111.891 (city) | [^70] |
| Teradyne headquarters | Teradyne | Massachusetts | hq | - | operating | 42.575, -71.079 (city) | [^71] |
| Rockwell Automation headquarters | Rockwell Automation | Wisconsin | hq | - | operating | 43.039, -87.906 (city) | [^72] |
| FANUC America headquarters | FANUC | Michigan | hq | - | operating | 42.658, -83.150 (city) | [^73] |
| Yaskawa America headquarters | Yaskawa Electric | Illinois | hq | - | operating | 42.364, -87.845 (city) | [^74] |
| KUKA Robotics North American headquarters | KUKA | Michigan | hq | - | operating, opened 2011[^75] | 42.671, -83.033 (city) | [^75] |
| Kawasaki Robotics (USA) headquarters | Kawasaki Heavy Industries | Michigan | hq | - | operating | 42.525, -83.536 (city) | [^76] |
| Epson Robots (US) | Seiko Epson | California | hq | - | operating | 33.831, -118.282 (city) | [^77] |
| Omron robotics and safety headquarters | OMRON | California | hq | - | operating, opened 2020[^78] | 37.662, -121.875 (city) | [^78] |
| Toyota Research Institute, Los Altos | Toyota Motor | California | rnd | - | operating | 37.385, -122.114 (city) | [^79] |
| Toyota Research Institute, Cambridge | Toyota Motor | Massachusetts | rnd | - | operating | 42.373, -71.110 (city) | [^79] |
| Robotics Metaplant Application Center | Boston Dynamics | Georgia | rnd | - | operating, opened 2026[^80] | 32.130, -81.470 (city) | [^80] |
| White Mesa Mill | Energy Fuels | Utah | refinery | NdPr oxide, Dy and Tb oxides, Uranium | operating | 37.540, -109.500 (city) | [^47][^3] |
| White Mesa Phase 2 rare earth circuit | Energy Fuels | Utah | refinery | NdPr oxide, Dy and Tb oxides | announced | 37.540, -109.500 (city) | [^81] |
| Round Top rare earth project | USA Rare Earth | Texas | mine | Heavy rare earth ore (planned) | announced | 31.250, -105.450 (city) | [^82][^49][^5] |
| Louisiana Strategic Metals Complex | Ucore Rare Metals | Louisiana | refinery | Separated rare earth oxides | construction | 31.310, -92.450 (city) | [^83][^84] |
| Seadrift rare earth processing plant | Lynas Rare Earths | Texas | refinery | Light and heavy rare earth oxides (planned) | announced | 28.415, -96.713 (city) | [^85][^86] |
| Exeter rare earth metal plant | Phoenix Tailings | New Hampshire | refinery | NdPr metal, Dysprosium-iron alloy | operating, opened 2025[^87] | 42.981, -70.948 (city) | [^87][^88] |
| Burlington facility | Phoenix Tailings | Massachusetts | rnd | Rare earth metals (pilot) | operating, opened 2023[^88] | 42.505, -71.196 (city) | [^88] |
| Marion refining complex | ReElement Technologies | Indiana | refinery | Separated rare earth oxides | construction | 40.558, -85.659 (city) | [^48][^89] |
| Louisiana heavy rare earth separation plant | Aclara Resources | Louisiana | refinery | Dysprosium and terbium oxides (planned) | announced | 30.191, -93.581 (city) | [^90] |
| Brook Mine | Ramaco Resources | Wyoming | mine | Rare earth bearing coal and clay ore | construction | 44.908, -107.165 (city) | [^91][^92] |
| Brook Mine pilot processing plant | Ramaco Resources | Wyoming | rnd | Rare earth oxides (pilot) | construction | 44.908, -107.165 (city) | [^93] |
| Mesa magnet recovery plant | Cyclic Materials | Arizona | plant | Recovered rare earth magnet material | operating, opened 2026[^94] | 33.415, -111.831 (city) | [^94] |
| McBee recovery and refining plant | Cyclic Materials | South Carolina | plant | Recovered magnet material, Rare earth oxides (planned) | construction | 34.469, -80.256 (city) | [^94] |
| Halleck Creek rare earth project | American Rare Earths | Wyoming | mine | Rare earth ore (planned) | announced | 42.054, -104.953 (city) | [^95] |
| Elk Creek critical minerals project | NioCorp Developments | Nebraska | mine | Niobium, scandium and titanium (planned), Rare earth oxides (planned) | announced | 40.288, -96.124 (city) | [^96] |
| Upton rare earth demonstration plant | Rare Element Resources | Wyoming | rnd | Separated NdPr oxide (demonstration) | operating | 44.099, -104.628 (city) | [^97][^98] |
| 10X magnet campus, Northlake | MP Materials | Texas | plant | Sintered NdFeB magnets | construction | 33.087, -97.256 (city) | [^99] |
| Stillwater magnet plant | USA Rare Earth | Oklahoma | plant | Sintered NdFeB magnets | operating | 36.116, -97.058 (city) | [^5][^100] |
| Benson magnet factory | Vulcan Elements | North Carolina | plant | Sintered NdFeB magnets | announced | 35.382, -78.549 (city) | [^101][^102] |
| e-VAC Magnetics, Sumter | VACUUMSCHMELZE (VAC) | South Carolina | plant | Sintered NdFeB magnets | operating, opened 2025[^103] | 33.920, -80.341 (city) | [^104][^105][^106] |
| Marengo precision thin metals and Alnico works | Arnold Magnetic Technologies | Illinois | plant | Alnico magnets, Precision thin metals | operating | 42.249, -88.608 (city) | [^107] |
| Woodstock facility (planned move from Marengo) | Arnold Magnetic Technologies | Illinois | plant | Alnico magnets, Precision thin metals | announced | 42.315, -88.448 (city) | [^107] |
| Flexmag West, Norfolk | Arnold Magnetic Technologies | Nebraska | plant | Flexible bonded magnets | operating | 42.028, -97.417 (city) | [^107] |
| Flexmag East, Marietta | Arnold Magnetic Technologies | Ohio | plant | Flexible bonded magnets | operating | 39.415, -81.455 (city) | [^107] |
| Landisville magnet works | Electron Energy Corporation | Pennsylvania | plant | Samarium cobalt magnets, SmCo and NdFeB alloys | operating | 40.096, -76.411 (city) | [^108][^109] |
| Kollmorgen, Radford | Regal Rexnord | Virginia | plant | Frameless servo motors, Drives | operating | 37.132, -80.576 (city) | [^110] |
| Nook Industries, Cleveland | Regal Rexnord | Ohio | plant | Ball screws, Acme screws, Linear actuators | operating | 41.499, -81.694 (city) | [^111] |
| ThinGap, Camarillo | Allient | California | plant | Frameless brushless motor kits | operating | 34.216, -119.038 (city) | [^112] |
| ABB motors plant, Fort Smith | ABB Robotics | Arkansas | plant | NEMA industrial motors | operating | 35.386, -94.398 (city) | [^113] |
| Cone Drive, Traverse City | Timken | Michigan | plant | Worm gears, Harmonic gearing, Slew drives | operating | 44.763, -85.621 (city) | [^114] |
| Kaydon Bearings, Muskegon | SKF | Michigan | plant | Thin-section bearings, Slewing bearings | operating | 43.234, -86.248 (city) | [^115][^116] |
| Kaydon Bearings, Sumter Plant 12 | SKF | South Carolina | plant | Bearings | operating | 33.920, -80.341 (city) | [^116] |
| Moog Components Group, Blacksburg | Moog | Virginia | plant | Slip rings | operating | 37.229, -80.414 (city) | [^117] |
| Exlar actuator plant, Chanhassen | Curtiss-Wright | Minnesota | plant | Roller screw linear actuators | operating | 44.862, -93.530 (city) | [^118][^119] |
| Fort Mill plant | Schaeffler | South Carolina | plant | Bearings and precision components | operating | 35.007, -80.945 (city) | [^60] |
| Cheraw plants | Schaeffler | South Carolina | plant | Bearings, Precision products | operating | 34.698, -79.883 (city) | [^60][^120] |
| Spartanburg County plant | Schaeffler | South Carolina | plant | Bearings | operating | 34.950, -81.930 (city) | [^121] |
| Sumitomo Machinery Corporation of America, Chesapeake | Sumitomo Heavy Industries | Virginia | plant | Gearmotors, Speed reducers | operating | 36.768, -76.287 (city) | [^122] |
| LUFTEX Gears, Lufkin | Sumitomo Heavy Industries | Texas | plant | Gears | operating | 31.338, -94.729 (city) | [^123] |
| NSK precision products plant, Franklin | NSK | Indiana | plant | Ball screws, Linear guides | operating | 39.481, -86.055 (city) | [^62] |
| Fremont Optimus line | Tesla | California | plant | Optimus humanoids | operating | 37.548, -121.988 (city) | [^7] |
| Giga Texas Optimus factory | Tesla | Texas | plant | Optimus humanoids | construction | 30.220, -97.620 (city) | [^7] |
| RoboFab, Salem | Agility Robotics | Oregon | plant | Digit humanoids | operating | 44.943, -123.035 (city) | [^124] |
| NEO factory, Hayward | 1X Technologies | California | plant | NEO humanoids, Actuators | operating, opened 2026[^125] | 37.669, -122.081 (city) | [^125] |
| Sunnyvale headquarters and manufacturing | Intuitive Surgical | California | hq | da Vinci systems | operating | 37.369, -122.036 (city) | [^25] |
| Peachtree Corners campus | Intuitive Surgical | Georgia | plant | da Vinci systems and instruments | operating | 33.970, -84.220 (city) | [^25] |
| Universal Robots US hub, Wixom | Teradyne | Michigan | plant | UR cobots | construction | 42.525, -83.536 (city) | [^126] |
| FANUC America Auburn Hills campuses | FANUC | Michigan | plant | Robot systems | operating | 42.687, -83.234 (city) | [^73] |
| Yaskawa America Franklin campus | Yaskawa Electric | Wisconsin | plant | Robots, Drives | construction | 42.889, -88.038 (city) | [^74][^73] |
| ABB Robotics North American headquarters and plant | ABB Robotics | Michigan | plant | Industrial robot systems | operating, opened 2015[^127] | 42.687, -83.234 (city) | [^127] |
| BMW Group Plant Spartanburg | BMW Group | South Carolina | plant | Vehicles | operating | 34.900, -82.180 (city) | [^128] |
| Jabil headquarters | Jabil | Florida | hq | - | operating | 27.768, -82.640 (city) | [^129] |
| Allison Transmission headquarters | Allison Transmission | Indiana | hq | - | operating | 39.768, -86.158 (city) | [^130] |
| Ghost Robotics headquarters | Ghost Robotics | Pennsylvania | hq | - | operating | 39.952, -75.165 (city) | [^131] |

## Links

Seller (or investor) first. Kind: supply means parts or materials change hands; investment means equity or loans; partnership means joint research or a product integration. Links to companies abroad continue on those countries' pages once they are live.

| From | To | Kind | What | Confidence | Source |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Hyundai Mobis (KR) | Boston Dynamics (US) | supply | Actuators for the production Atlas humanoid | reported | [^132] |
| Nabtesco (JP) | FANUC (JP) | supply | RV precision reduction gears | reported | [^133] |
| Nabtesco (JP) | Yaskawa Electric (JP) | supply | RV precision reduction gears | reported | [^133] |
| Ningbo Tuopu Group (CN) | Tesla (US) | supply | Optimus actuator assemblies. Supplier audits and orders reported by Chinese media; Tesla has not confirmed. | estimated | [^134] |
| Lynas Rare Earths (AU) | Japan Australia Rare Earths (JARE) (JP) | supply | NdPr oxide (firm 5,000 t a year) and heavy rare earth oxides. Agreement to 2038: up to 75% of Lynas heavy rare earth output is offered to Japan, with a US$110/kg NdPr floor. | reported | [^135][^136] |
| Japan Australia Rare Earths (JARE) (JP) | Lynas Rare Earths (AU) | investment | Equity and loans. About A$200 million added in 2023 for heavy rare earth supply. | reported | [^137] |
| Lynas Rare Earths (AU) | Sojitz (JP) | supply | Light and heavy rare earths sold in Japan. Sojitz has distributed Lynas light rare earths in Japan since 2011 and began importing its heavy rare earths in October 2025. | reported | [^138][^135] |
| Noveon Magnetics (US) | Nidec (JP) | supply | Sintered NdFeB magnets made in the US (five-year offtake). Signed in February 2025 with Nidec Motor Corporation; potential volume above 1,000 t. | reported | [^31] |
| Tamagawa Seiki (JP) | Toyota Motor (JP) | supply | Torque servo modules for the T-HR3 humanoid (co-developed) | reported | [^139] |
| Nidec (JP) | Toyota Motor (JP) | supply | Torque servo modules for the T-HR3 humanoid (Nidec Copal Electronics, co-developed) | reported | [^139] |
| Nabtesco (JP) | Kawasaki Heavy Industries (JP) | supply | RV precision reduction gears | reported | [^140] |
| Nabtesco (JP) | KUKA (DE) | supply | RV precision reduction gears | reported | [^140] |
| Nabtesco (JP) | ABB Robotics (CH) | supply | RV precision reduction gears | reported | [^140] |
| Techman Robot (TW) | OMRON (JP) | supply | TM-series collaborative robot arms sold under the OMRON brand. Alliance since 2018; OMRON agreed to take about 10% of Techman in 2021. | reported | [^141] |
| Toyota Motor (JP) | Boston Dynamics (US) | partnership | Large behaviour models for Atlas (Toyota Research Institute). A joint research partnership since October 2024, not a parts supply. | reported | [^142] |
| Yaskawa Electric (JP) | Mujin (JP) | partnership | Robot arms driven by MujinController in Mujin systems | reported | [^143][^144] |
| FANUC (JP) | Mujin (JP) | partnership | Robot arms driven by MujinController in Mujin systems | reported | [^144] |
| Kawasaki Heavy Industries (JP) | Mujin (JP) | partnership | Robot arms driven by MujinController in Mujin systems | reported | [^143] |
| ReElement Technologies (US) | POSCO International (KR) | supply | Separated rare earth oxides (NdPr, Dy, Tb, Y) under a long-term offtake. Signed September 2025 with POSCO International America; volumes are planned to pass 3,000 t a year by 2030. | reported | [^145] |
| POSCO International (KR) | ReElement Technologies (US) | investment | Majority stake in a US$200 m rare earth and magnet joint venture. Signed May 2026; POSCO leads the venture and ReElement supplies the separation technology. Site not yet chosen. | reported | [^146] |
| Arafura Rare Earths (AU) | Hyundai Motor (KR) | supply | NdPr oxide or metal from Nolans (binding offtake with Hyundai and Kia). Seven-year deal signed November 2022, 600 t in year one rising to 1,500 t; deliveries wait on Nolans production. | reported | [^147] |
| Lynas Rare Earths (AU) | LS Eco Energy (KR) | partnership | Rare earth oxides for LS Eco Energy's metal plant in Vietnam. Framework agreement of March 2026; definitive contracts are still to be negotiated. | estimated | [^148] |
| Australian Strategic Materials (ASM) (AU) | Noveon Magnetics (US) | supply | NdFeB alloy from the Korean Metals Plant (100 t agreement) | reported | [^149] |
| Australian Strategic Materials (ASM) (AU) | VACUUMSCHMELZE (VAC) (DE) | supply | NdFeB alloy from the Korean Metals Plant (7.2 t purchase order across five grades). Ordered in June 2025 after VAC validated earlier KMP material; shipments were scheduled from July through the second half of 2025. | reported | [^150][^151] |
| POSCO International (KR) | Hyundai Motor (KR) | supply | EV drive motor cores for Hyundai and Kia. Orders include 1.68 m cores for the group's European EVs and 2.72 m for Metaplant America. | reported | [^152][^153] |
| SNT Motiv (KR) | Hyundai Motor (KR) | supply | Hybrid and EV traction motors | reported | [^154] |
| LG Innotek (KR) | Boston Dynamics (US) | partnership | Vision sensing and camera modules for the Atlas humanoid. The two agreed in 2025 to co-develop Atlas's vision module; a March 2026 press report says shipments have started, which neither company has confirmed. | estimated | [^155][^156] |
| LG Innotek (KR) | Figure AI (US) | supply | Camera modules for Figure's humanoid robots. Talks on volume and price were reported in June 2025, with mass production expected from early 2026; in January 2026 Dong-A Ilbo named Figure an LG Innotek client. Neither company has published contract terms. | estimated | [^157][^158] |
| Samsung Electro-Mechanics (KR) | Tesla (US) | supply | Camera modules for the Optimus humanoid. Single source: an August 2025 Investing.com summary of an Electronic Times report. Neither company has confirmed it. | estimated | [^159] |
| Woorim PTS (KR) | Boston Dynamics (US) | supply | Precision robot reducers. Reported by one market column; neither company has confirmed it. | estimated | [^160] |
| Hyundai Motor (KR) | Boston Dynamics (US) | investment | Controlling stake of about 80%, held across Hyundai Motor Group. Closed June 2021; SoftBank kept about 20%. | reported | [^161] |
| Boston Dynamics (US) | Hyundai Motor (KR) | partnership | Atlas training centre inside Metaplant America ahead of deployment. Hyundai plans to deploy Atlas at Metaplant from 2028. | reported | [^35][^34] |
| LIG Nex1 (KR) | Ghost Robotics (US) | investment | 60% controlling stake, bought for US$240 m. Closed July 2024. Taken from search summaries of the two sources; the pages were not opened. | estimated | [^162][^131] |
| LG Electronics (KR) | Bear Robotics (US) | investment | 51% controlling stake. Raised from 21% to 51% in January 2025. | reported | [^163] |
| Doosan Robotics (KR) | ONExia (US) | investment | 89.59% stake in the US robot integrator | reported | [^164] |
| THK (JP) | Samick THK (KR) | investment | Equity-method stake (33.34% in 2007). The 33.34% figure is from THK's 2007 annual report, the latest share it has published that we found; it may have changed since. | reported | [^165] |
| JL MAG Rare-Earth (CN) | Tesla (US) | supply | NdFeB magnets | reported | [^166][^167] |
| Sanhua Intelligent Controls (CN) | Tesla (US) | supply | Finished actuator modules. Named by Counterpoint Research as an Optimus supplier; Tesla has not confirmed it. | estimated | [^168] |
| Zhaowei Machinery & Electronics (CN) | Tesla (US) | supply | Planetary gearboxes for the hand's coreless motors. Named by Counterpoint Research as an Optimus supplier; Tesla has not confirmed it. | estimated | [^168] |
| MOONS' Electric (CN) | Tesla (US) | supply | Coreless motors. Named by Counterpoint Research as an Optimus supplier; Tesla has not confirmed it. | estimated | [^168] |
| Leaderdrive (CN) | Tesla (US) | supply | Harmonic reducers for rotary actuators. Named by Counterpoint Research as an Optimus supplier; Tesla has not confirmed it. | estimated | [^168] |
| Shuanghuan Driveline (CN) | Tesla (US) | supply | RV reducers for rotary actuators. Named by Counterpoint Research as an Optimus supplier; Tesla has not confirmed it. | estimated | [^168] |
| Ningbo Joyson Electronic (CN) | Tesla (US) | supply | Optimus parts after supplier audits. Supplier audits reported by Chinese media; Tesla has not confirmed. | estimated | [^134] |
| Midea (CN) | KUKA (DE) | investment | Ownership of KUKA | reported | [^169] |
| Midea (CN) | Yaskawa Electric (JP) | partnership | Industrial and service robot joint ventures in Guangdong (2015). Yaskawa holds 51% of the industrial robot venture, Midea 60.1% of the service robot one. | reported | [^170] |
| Shanghai Electric (CN) | FANUC (JP) | investment | 50% of the Shanghai Fanuc robot joint venture. Announced in 2024 for CNY 3.08 billion; sources differ on the resulting ownership split. | reported | [^171] |
| JAKA Robotics (CN) | Toyota Motor (JP) | supply | Collaborative robots. JAKA names Toyota as a customer on its own site; Toyota has not said so. | estimated | [^172] |
| ROKAE (CN) | Schaeffler (DE) | supply | Light industrial robots. Schaeffler was named as a ROKAE client in May 2021; no later source confirms the supply is current. | estimated | [^173] |
| Schaeffler (DE) | ROKAE (CN) | partnership | Co-development and supply of humanoid joint modules. Strategic cooperation agreement signed in April 2026. | reported | [^174] |
| Schaeffler (DE) | Leju Robotics (CN) | partnership | Humanoid deployment, data training and component supply. Signed in March 2026; Leju is Schaeffler's first embodied-AI partner in China. | reported | [^175] |
| SKF (SE) | Leaderdrive (CN) | investment | Joint venture for robot joint transmission parts (SKF 60%). Signed on 2 July 2026; the venture is to be based in China and start operating by the end of 2026. | reported | [^176] |
| ReElement Technologies (US) | Vulcan Elements (US) | supply | Separated rare earth oxides (long-term supply agreement) | reported | [^177][^102] |
| Energy Fuels (US) | POSCO International (KR) | supply | NdPr oxide for traction motor magnet qualification. Binding only for the sample shipment and testing; a long-term supply deal awaits definitive agreements. | reported | [^178] |
| Australian Strategic Materials (ASM) (AU) | USA Rare Earth (US) | supply | NdFeB alloy for Stillwater (five-year framework, about 60% of demand) | reported | [^179] |
| Less Common Metals (GB) | Arnold Magnetic Technologies (US) | supply | Rare earth metals and samarium (multi-year agreement) | reported | [^180] |
| Solvay (BE) | Arnold Magnetic Technologies (US) | supply | Samarium oxide (multi-year agreement) | reported | [^180] |
| Meteoric Resources (AU) | Ucore Rare Metals (CA) | supply | Mixed rare earth carbonate from Caldeira, Brazil (MOU). Non-binding memorandum; Caldeira is not yet in production. | estimated | [^181] |
| MP Materials (US) | General Motors (US) | supply | NdFeB alloy and magnets for EV motors (long-term agreement) | reported | [^182][^2] |
| Arnold Magnetic Technologies (US) | USA Rare Earth (US) | supply | Processed NdFeB feedstock and finished magnets (mutual sales and distribution agreement). Two-way: USA Rare Earth also resells Arnold's SmCo and NdFeB magnets. | reported | [^183] |
| Figure AI (US) | BMW Group (DE) | supply | Figure 02 humanoids on the X3 line at Plant Spartanburg. Figure reports an 11-month deployment; it has begun retiring Figure 02 for Figure 03. | reported | [^128][^184] |
| Agility Robotics (US) | Schaeffler (DE) | supply | Digit humanoids for Schaeffler plants (robots as a service) | reported | [^120] |
| Agility Robotics (US) | Toyota Motor (JP) | supply | Digit humanoids at Toyota Motor Manufacturing Canada (robots as a service) | reported | [^185] |
| Jabil (US) | Apptronik (US) | supply | Contract manufacturing of Apollo humanoids | reported | [^186] |
| Apptronik (US) | Mercedes-Benz (DE) | supply | Apollo humanoids for factory trials in Berlin and Kecskemet | reported | [^187] |
| Energy Fuels (US) | VACUUMSCHMELZE (VAC) (DE) | investment | Agreed acquisition of VAC for about $1.9 bn in cash and shares. Signed June 2026, amended October 2026; closing expected in early 2027. | reported | [^188][^189] |
| Energy Fuels (US) | Australian Strategic Materials (ASM) (AU) | investment | Agreed acquisition of Australian Strategic Materials. Announced with the VAC deal; pending. | reported | [^189] |
| USA Rare Earth (US) | Less Common Metals (GB) | investment | Acquisition of Less Common Metals (November 2025) | reported | [^180] |
| BMW Group (DE) | Phoenix Tailings (US) | investment | Series B equity (BMW i Ventures) | reported | [^190] |
| Yamaha Motor (JP) | Phoenix Tailings (US) | investment | Series B equity (Yamaha Motor Ventures) | reported | [^190] |
| BMW Group (DE) | Cyclic Materials (CA) | investment | Series A lead and Series B equity (BMW i Ventures) | reported | [^191] |
| Stellantis (NL) | Niron Magnetics (US) | investment | Equity and commercial partnership on rare-earth-free magnets | reported | [^192] |
| Magna International (CA) | Niron Magnetics (US) | investment | Equity and commercial partnership. Named among Niron's investors and commercial partners at the Sartell groundbreaking. | reported | [^192] |
| Allison Transmission (US) | Niron Magnetics (US) | investment | Equity and commercial partnership. Named among Niron's investors and commercial partners at the Sartell groundbreaking. | reported | [^192] |
| Schaeffler (DE) | Agility Robotics (US) | investment | Minority equity stake | reported | [^120] |
| Mercedes-Benz (DE) | Apptronik (US) | investment | Series A equity | reported | [^193] |
| Lynas Rare Earths (AU) | Noveon Magnetics (US) | partnership | Oxides to magnets collaboration (MOU). Non-binding; the parties aim for a definitive agreement. | reported | [^194] |
| Aclara Resources (CA) | VACUUMSCHMELZE (VAC) (DE) | partnership | Planned supply of Dy and Tb oxides to e-VAC's Sumter plant | reported | [^90] |
| MP Materials (US) | Maaden (SA) | partnership | Saudi rare earth refinery joint venture (with the US Department of War). MP and the Department of War target 49%, Maaden at least 51%; definitive agreements pending. | reported | [^195] |
| Sumitomo Corporation (JP) | Ucore Rare Metals (CA) | partnership | Feedstock sourcing and offtake framework for the Louisiana complex. Strategic cooperation framework signed June 2026; not an offtake contract. | reported | [^196] |
| Persona AI (US) | HD Hyundai (KR) | partnership | Humanoid welding robots for shipyards | reported | [^197] |

## Sources

[^1]: USGS, "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Rare Earths". https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026-rare-earths.pdf (accessed 2026-10-25).
[^2]: MP Materials 10-K, "Form 10-K for fiscal year 2025". https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1801368/000180136826000008/mp-20251231.htm (accessed 2026-10-25).
[^3]: YCharts (PR Newswire), "Energy Fuels announces first US primary production of heavy rare earth material in decades". https://ycharts.com/news/story/PRN-C7622-20260325 (not opened).
[^4]: IEA, "Rare earth elements: executive summary". https://www.iea.org/reports/rare-earth-elements/executive-summary (accessed 2026-10-25).
[^5]: SEC EDGAR, "USA Rare Earth: Form 10-Q for the quarter to March 2026". https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/0001970622/000197062226000038/usar-20260331.htm (not opened).
[^6]: The Robot Report, "Figure AI unveils BotQ high-volume humanoid manufacturing facility". https://www.therobotreport.com/figure-ai-unveils-botq-high-volume-humanoid-manufacturing-facility/ (not opened).
[^7]: Not a Tesla App, "Tesla officially begins Optimus robot production". https://notateslaapp.com/news/4866/tesla-officially-begins-optimus-robot-production (not opened).
[^8]: MP Materials, "MP Materials Reports Fourth Quarter and Full Year 2025 Results". https://mpmaterials.com/news/mp-materials-reports-fourth-quarter-and-full-year-2025-results (accessed 2026-10-25).
[^9]: Nidec via Business Wire, "Nidec announces financial results for fiscal year ended March 31, 2026". https://www.webull.com/news/15672822030222336 (accessed 2026-11-03).
[^10]: Envalith, "Harmonic Drive Systems (6324): financial summary". https://envalith.com/en/companies/6324 (accessed 2026-11-03).
[^11]: Envalith, "Nabtesco (6268): financial summary". https://envalith.com/en/companies/6268 (accessed 2026-11-03).
[^12]: Timken, "Timken reports fourth-quarter and full-year 2025 results". https://news.timken.com/2026-02-04-Timken-Reports-Fourth-Quarter-and-Full-Year-2025-Results (not opened).
[^13]: FANUC, "Reference materials: results for the year ended March 31, 2026". https://www.fanuc.co.jp/en/ir/announce/pdf/2026/reference202603_e.pdf (accessed 2026-11-03).
[^14]: Stock Analysis, "FANUC (TYO:6954) income statement: financial summary". https://stockanalysis.com/quote/tyo/6954/financials/income-statement/ (accessed 2026-11-03).
[^15]: Yaskawa Electric, "Consolidated results for the fiscal year ended February 28, 2026 (IFRS)". https://www.yaskawa-global.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/20260410_en.pdf (accessed 2026-11-03).
[^16]: Envalith, "Yaskawa Electric (6506): financial summary". https://envalith.com/en/companies/6506 (accessed 2026-11-03).
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